computer basics 1 chapter one computer basics part 1
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Computer BasicsChapter One
Chapter One Chapter One
Computer BasicsComputer Basics
Part 1
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Computer Basics
Computers systems come in many different sizes and shapes, according to the user’s wants and the manufacture’s style.
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A notebook computer, sometimes called a “laptop” is gaining popularity due to low power processor chips.
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But they all have commonalties.
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They all have monitors, as an output device, this one is a CRT (cathode ray tube).
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Flat screen LCD (liquid crystal display) type monitor.The same type is used in laptops
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Computer Basics
A laptop monitor is built into the top cover, LCD type.
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Computer Basics
A keyboard as an input device.
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An ergomatic keyboard.
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A laptop’s keyboard is built into the
bottom section.
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Computer Basics
A mouse, as an input device.
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Some keyboards have a trackball (an upside-down mouse) built into them.
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Laptops have a type of mouse built in.
Touchpad
Touchpoint
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A system unit.
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The system unit houses an array of storage and file transfer devices, located in the front panel for easy access.
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• A computer’s system unit typically contains circuit boards, a power supply, and storage devices.
– A few wires and cables connect storage
devices to the power supply and circuit boards.
– Ports and sockets to connect to input and
output devices (called peripheral devices).– Fans to cool the components and indicator
lights.
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The Main component of a System Unit is the
motherboard, or system board.
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• Most of the electronic components inside a computer are integrated circuits (ICs).
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A DIP (dual in-line pins) is the most common. DIPs contain specialized support circuitry.
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Other ICs are DIMM (dual in-line Memory Modules), Used in RAM (Random Access Memory).
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• RAM (Random Access Memory)– volatile memory
– holds ops for more than one cycle
– allows CPU to become a tool
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Some are used for ROM (read-only memory) BIOS (basic input/output system).
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• ROM (read-only memory) is nonvolatile memory– Holds program instructions after
power off
– Instruction set for startup– BIOS (basic input/output system)
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• CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor)– permanent as long as battery voltage
is applied
– Holds PC setup
– User intervention
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Still other ICs are PGA (pin-grid array) a square chip package used for the main processing circuitry.
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The largest processor package is the SEC (single edge contact) cartridge of the Pentium III.
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The largest feature of an IC is the lead frame package. The chip of the biggest
IC is the size of your fingernail.
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Contained in this chip can be millions of transistors, resistors, and other electronic
components.
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Another feature of the
motherboard is the expansion
slots which allows the installation
of input and output expansion
cards for video, sound, and etc.
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•ISA (industry standard architecture).
– ISA slots are an older technology, used today for some modems and other relatively slow devices. Many new computers have few or no ISA slots
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•PCI (peripheral component interconnect).
– PCI slots offer fast transfer speeds and a 64-bit data bus. These slots typically house a graphics card, sound card, video capture card, modem, or network interface card (NIC).
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•AGP (accelerated graphics port).
– Primarily used for graphics cards, and faster than a PCI slot, an AGP slot provides a high-speed data pathway that is particularly handy for 3-D graphics.
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Expansion cards simply slide into an expansion slot.
Video card
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Sound card
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A NIC (network interface card)
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Installation of an expansion card is easy, just plug it in.
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Expansion cards are added to a laptop by means of a PCMCIA ( Personal Computer
Memory Card International Association) slot.
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An external NIC (network interface card), a hard disk, or a modem (modulation-demodulation)
card can be added to a laptop.
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To connect a peripheral device to an expansion card, you plug a cable from that
peripheral device into an expansion
port.
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Computer BasicsCONNECTORS
Connects to the Video port
Monitor
15 pins
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Computer BasicsCONNECTORS
Connects to parallel port, which sends data simultaneously over eight data lines at speeds of 12,000 Kbps (kilobits per seconds)
LPT
Printer, external CD-ROM drive, external Zip, external hard drive.
25 pins
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Computer BasicsCONNECTORS
COM
Connects to serial port, which sends data over a single data line one bit at a time at speeds of 56 Kbps.
Mouse or
Modem9 pins
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Computer BasicsCONNECTORS
Connects to the “FireWire” port,
which sends data at 400,000
Kbps
Video camera, and external DVD drive
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Computer BasicsCONNECTORS
Scuzzy
Connects to SCSI port, which sends data simultaneously over 8 or 16 data lines at speeds between 5 Mbps and 80 Mbps (Mega bits per second).
Can support up to 16 devices in a “Daisy Chain”. Hard drives, scanner, CD-ROM, tape backup.
50 pins
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Computer BasicsCONNECTORS
Universal Serial Bus
Modem, keyboard, joystick, scanner, and mouse.
Connects to USB port, which sends data over a single data line at speeds of 12,000 Kbps.
Supports up to 127 devices.
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Computer BasicsCONNECTORS
Connects to networking port, which sends data over two pairs of data lines at speeds
of 10 to 100 Mbps.
Intranet
RJ-45
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• Solid state, transistors and diodes built into an IC.–RAM
–ROM
Memory storage at present fall into three basic categories.
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• Magnetic media–Floppy disks
• 3.5”• 5.25”
–Hard disk
–Zip Disk
–Tape
– used for backup
Memory storage at present fall into three basic categories.
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• Optical storage media–CD-ROM
• compact disk - read only memory
–DVD
• digital video disc or digital versatile disc
Memory storage at present fall into three basic categories.
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Magnetic Media Devices
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CD-ROM (Compact disk - read only memory)
File transfer devices
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CD-ROM and DVD are similar in constructions, the
DVD rows are closer together
and the holes are smaller.
File transfer devices
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Computer Basics File transfer devices
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Computer Basics File transfer devices
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Floppy and Zip disk capacities
File transfer devices
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Computer Basics File transfer devices
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A hard disk is located inside the system unit.
File storage devices
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Hard disk platters store data in the same manner
as floppy disk
File storage devices
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Rough handling or particles on the surface of a disk can destroy it.
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The substrate material for floppy disks is a mylar (plastic). The substrate material for the Winchester or hard drive is mainly aluminum.
A finely ground metal oxide (rust) is applied to the substrate as the magnetic media. The same material is used on tape.
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Binary
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One if by land, and two if by sea
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Paul Revere knew if all lanterns were off then the British weren’t coming
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Paul knew if one lantern were on then the British were coming by land.
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Paul Revere knew if two lanterns were on then the British were coming by sea.
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LSD (Least significant digit)
MSD (Most significant digit)
What Paul didn’t know was the position of the lanterns (digits).
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If he had known the position of the MSD and the LSD then the binary data could have
contained more information.
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Powers of two - lanterns on (1) off (0)
two possible states,
thus the powers of two
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LSD
MSD
If the Old Church had had two steeples
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The maximum number of different units of
information you can convey with n bits is 2n
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Four bits of digital data is called a “nibble”.
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Six lanterns representing the number 50, if all six were lit then they would represent 63
LSDMSD
Eight bits of digital data is called a “byte”,It is also called a word.
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When you press the keys on your keyboard the data is transferred to the computer by digital binary information
in the form of ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
Interchange).
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Power on
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A 5volt and 12volt power supply furnishes power to the system.
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Computer Basics POST (power-on self-test)
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If you enter advanced BIOS the boot-up can be changed to “C”
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Using Windows as an OS (operating System)
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