compillated by chanif mahdi
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BASIC IMMUNOLOGY
COMPILLATED BY CHANIF MAHDI
Outline of the talk• Definition of Immunology• History of immunology• Innate and adaptive immunity• Humoral and cellular responses – B
and T cells (specific interactions)• Cancer• HIV/AIDS
SeminarWinter Semester 2002/2003
Pierre Dönnespierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Annette Höglundannette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Andreas Hildebrandtanhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Immunology• Immunology is the study of our
protection from foreign macromolecules or invading organisms and our responses to them.
• Host – e.g. me!!!!• Foreign macromolecule, antigen – e.g.
virus protein, worm, parasite (Everything that should not be in my body)
SeminarWinter Semester 2002/2003
Pierre Dönnespierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Annette Höglundannette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Andreas Hildebrandtanhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de
A Short History of Immunology
• ~ 430 B.C: Peloponesian War, Thucydides describes plague – the ones who had recovered from the disease could nurse the sick without getting the disease a second time
• 15th centurry: Chinese and Turks use dried crusts of smallpox as ”vaccine”
• 1798: Edward Jenner – smallpox vaccine
SeminarWinter Semester 2002/2003
Pierre Dönnespierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Annette Höglundannette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Andreas Hildebrandtanhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Jenner - Smallpox vaccine• Noticed that milkmades that had contracted cowpox did NOT get
smallpox• Test on an 8 year old boy, injected cowpox into him (NOT very nice……)• Follwed by exposure to smallpox• Vaccine was invented (latin vacca means ”cow”)
SeminarWinter Semester 2002/2003
Pierre Dönnespierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Annette Höglundannette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Andreas Hildebrandtanhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de
SeminarWinter Semester 2002/2003
Pierre Dönnespierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Annette Höglundannette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Andreas Hildebrandtanhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Immunology history cont.• Since 1901 there have been 19 Nobel
Prizes for immunological research. • Examples: Discovery of human blood
groups (1930) and Transplantation immunology(1991)
SeminarWinter Semester 2002/2003
Pierre Dönnespierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Annette Höglundannette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Andreas Hildebrandtanhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de
The immune systemImmune system
•Anatomic barriers (Skin,mucous membranes) •Physological barriers (temperature, pH) •Phagocytic Barriers (cells that eat invaders) •Inflammatory barriers (redness, swelling, heat and pain)
•Antigen specificity •Diversity •Immunological memory •Self/nonself recognition
Innate (non-specific) immunityAdaptive (specific) immunity
SeminarWinter Semester 2002/2003
Pierre Dönnespierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Annette Höglundannette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Andreas Hildebrandtanhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Humoral and cellular immunity (antibody mediated or cellular)
SeminarWinter Semester 2002/2003
Pierre Dönnespierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Annette Höglundannette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Andreas Hildebrandtanhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de
B cells
B-cellAntigen
Antibody secreting B cell
Soluble antibodies, circculate in the body
Surface bound antibody
SeminarWinter Semester 2002/2003
Pierre Dönnespierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Annette Höglundannette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Andreas Hildebrandtanhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de
B-cell
Antibody secreting B cell
Virus killed
SeminarWinter Semester 2002/2003
Pierre Dönnespierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Annette Höglundannette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Andreas Hildebrandtanhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de
T cells• Two types:
– Helper T cells (Th): activates other cells
– Cytotoxic T cells (Tc): can kill other cells
• T cells can only recognize antigens associated with certain molecules (MHC)
SeminarWinter Semester 2002/2003
Pierre Dönnespierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Annette Höglundannette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Andreas Hildebrandtanhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Presentation of antigens to T cells
• Proteins (peptides) from inside the cell are presented by MHC I molecules to Tc cells.
• Proteins (peptides) from the outside of cells are presented by MHC II molecules to Th cells.
• MHC I on almost all cells• MHC II on specialized antigen-
presenting cells
SeminarWinter Semester 2002/2003
Pierre Dönnespierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Annette Höglundannette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Andreas Hildebrandtanhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Th
Tc
Virus infected cell, cancer cell
Antigen presentig cellMHC II + peptide
MHC I + peptide
SeminarWinter Semester 2002/2003
Pierre Dönnespierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Annette Höglundannette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Andreas Hildebrandtanhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de
SeminarWinter Semester 2002/2003
Pierre Dönnespierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Annette Höglundannette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Andreas Hildebrandtanhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de
SeminarWinter Semester 2002/2003
Pierre Dönnespierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Annette Höglundannette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Andreas Hildebrandtanhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de
MHC molecules• Important to study what parts of a
protein that binds to MHC molecules.• MHC I binds peptides with 8-10 aa• MHC II bind peptides with 12-25 aa• Potentials of peptide vaccines• Prediction of peptides is
important!!!!
SeminarWinter Semester 2002/2003
Pierre Dönnespierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Annette Höglundannette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Andreas Hildebrandtanhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Cancer• The second ranking cause of death
after heart disease in the Western world.
• most organs and tissues in an organism are in balance (death and renewal)
• cancer cells have no control in growth mechanisms, can expand to a large size producing a tumor
SeminarWinter Semester 2002/2003
Pierre Dönnespierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Annette Höglundannette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Andreas Hildebrandtanhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de
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