comparative vertebrate and invertebrate zoology
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COMPARATIVEVERTEBRATE AND
INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY
And we begin with the PAST…
BIOLOGY
Bios (Greek) =
Logos (Greek) =
Life
Study
8. Responds
Characteristics of Life?
1. Move
Use Food?
Get Bigger?
Gives Off?
Make More?
Form?
Chemistry?
Environment?
Motile?
2. Energy
3. Grow
4. Wastes
5. Reproduce
6. 1 or + Cells
7. Complex
8. Responds
Characteristics of Life?
1. Move
2. Energy
3. Grow
4. Wastes
5. Reproduce
6. 1 or + Cells
7. Complex
BIOLOGY
- ZOOLOGY
- BOTANY
Two Sub-fields:
BOTANY
Botane (Greek) =
Logos (Greek) =
Plant
Study
ZOOLOGY
Zoon (Greek) =
Logos (Greek) =
Animal
Study
Subdivisions of ZoologyAnatomyBiochemistryCytologyEcologyEmbryologyEndocrinologyEntomologyEvolutionGeneticsHerpetology
HistologyIchthyologyMorphologyOrnithologyPaleontologyParasitologyPhysiologyTaxonomyZoogeography
TAXONOMYCan you define the term?
- the science of classifying all living things by arranging them in groups according to the relationship of each to the others.
TAXONOMY
Stop here and completeBertie Bott’s
Classification Key Activity
TAXONOMYOriginal classification schemes:
- were based on the idea of “fixity of species”.- were based on similar external features.
Carolus Linnaeus- first to catalog organisms based on thefunction of a structure.
Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778
Carolus Linnaeus- later others added theorigin of the structure as acriteria.
Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778
- Was the structure from independent evolution?
Origin of a structure
Euphorbia – African Desert
Cactus – Mexican Desert
- Or was it from a common ancestor?
Origin of a structure
Ostrich - Africa Rhea – S. America
Is the structure anAnalogous structureor anHomologousStructure?
- different internal structure
Analogous Structures
- no common evolutionary origin
- have similar functions
- have a similar evolutionary origin
Homologous Structures
- but may have different functions
The modern Linnaean system assumes that the more homologies two species share…the closer they must bein terms of evolutionarydistance.
The closer they are in terms of evolutionary distance… the more likely they will be in similar classification groups.
Linnaean System• Kingdom
• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species
- Animalia
- Chordata- Mammalia- Primates- Hominidae- Homo- sapiens
Linnaean System• Kingdom
• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species
- Animalia
- Chordata- Mammalia- Primates- Hominidae- Homo- sapiens
Kingdoms?
In Ancient times:
1 Animalia
Woof !
Kingdoms?
In Ancient times:
1 Animalia
2 Plantae
Kingdoms?
By 1969 we had . . .
1 Animalia2 Plantae3 4 Protista5 Monera
3 Fungi
Kingdoms?
Today:
1 Animalia2 Plantae
3 Fungi4 Protista
6 Eubacteria5 Archaebacteria
1 - 4 = Cell Type?5 - 6 = Cell Type?
1 - 4 = Eukaryotic5 - 6 = Prokaryotic
6 ?5 ?
Major Groups
Sympathy for the life of bacteria If you were bacteria:
- You have only 0.001 th as much DNA as a eukaryotic cell.
- You live in a medium which has a viscosity about equal to asphalt.
- You have a wonderful "motor" for swimming. Unfortunately, your motor can only run in two directions and at one speed. In forward, you are propelled in one direction at 30 mph. In reverse your motor makes you turn flips or tumble. You can only do one or the other. You cannot stop.
- While you can "learn", you divide every twenty minutes and have to restart your education.
- You can have sex, with males possessing a sexual apparatus for transferring genetic information to receptive females. However, since you are both going 30 mph it is difficult to find each other. Furthermore, if you are male, nature gave you a severe problem. Every time you mate with a female, she turns into a male. In bacteria, "maleness" is an infective venereal disease.
- Also, at fairly high frequencies, spontaneous mutations cause you to turn into a female.
Sympathy for the life of bacteria If you were bacteria:
Origins of Archaebacteria and Eubacteria?
Ancient Conditions on Earth?
- No Oxygen (Term?)
- Hot (Effect on Protein?)
Anerobic
Cooling Temps Allow What?
Denature
Stable proteins = better adaptation
Thermal Proteins & Fatty Acids
Anerobic
Click For Video
Archaebacteria Eubacteria
Anerobic
Archaebacteria Eubacteria
Plantae Animalia Fungi
Protista
Animal-like Protists Fungus-like ProtistsPlant-like Protists
Archaebacteria Eubacteria
Plantae Animalia Fungi
Protista
Animal-like Protists Fungus-like ProtistsPlant-like Protists
Archaebacteria Eubacteria
Order
Family Family
Genus Genus Genus Genus
Species
Species
Species
Species
Species
Species
Species
Species
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Classification
1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)
Classification
1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)
2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)
Classification
1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)
2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)
3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)
Classification
1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)
2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)
3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)
4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)
Classification
1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)
2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)
3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)
4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)
5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs)
Classification
1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)
2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)
3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)
4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)
5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs)
(AR-muh-DIL-uh-DY-uh-dee)
Classification
1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)
2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)
3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)
4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)
5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs)
6 Genus - Armadillidium
Classification
1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)
2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)
3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)
4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)
5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs)
6 Genus - Armadillidium (AR-muh-DIL-uh-DEE-um)
Classification
1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)
2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)
3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)
4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)
5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs)
6 Genus - Armadillidium
7 Species - nasatum
Classification
1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)
2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)
3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)
4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)
5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs)
6 Genus - Armadillidium
7 Species - nasatum
Species Name ?
Classification
1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)
2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)
3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)
4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)
5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs)
6 Genus - Armadillidium
7 Species - nasatum
Species Name - Armadillidium nasatum
Binomial Nomenclature
- Two Latin names; genus & species, to designate each type of organism
Species name:
ex: Homo sapiens, or
"man who is wise"
Homo is our genus
sapiens is our species
- if two organisms can mate and produce fertile offspring, they are probably members of the same species.
Define “Species” ?
A few thoughts about life over the long term. . .
Supernovas can occur approx. every 50,000 years and can bombard this planet with up to 700 roentgens of radiation.
Most forms of life can not survive over 500 roentgens.
99% of all plant and animal species that have ever existed on this planet have already become extinct.
Large animals, including humans, are freakishly rare life forms, since 99% of all known animal species are smaller than bumble bees.
Just THINK about that for a moment...
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