communication models and elements of communication
Post on 24-Nov-2014
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Process of Communication
The linear Concept – earliest formInvolves 5 basic questions –Who?Says What?On which Channel?To whom?With What effect?Communication was considered a one – way
process marked by the flow of information from a sender to a receiver
The linear Concept
Receiver passively receives the messageo Acts as directed and desired by sendero Communication intended to control /
manipulate the receivero Assumed that message while passing through
medium chosen by sender, reaches the receiver without any distortion or change
Sender Media Receiver ActionMessageMessage
Shannon-Weaver model
C E Shannon & W Weaver – first pointed out that in actual practice, messages can be changed or blocked
Basic problem is –
He attributed loss to noiseThough feed back was introduced as a corrective
to noiseFeedback was not considered to be an integral
component because the model conceived the communication process as a linear act and feedback another new act of communication
message received message sent
Shannon-Weaver model
Informationsource
Encoding process
Decodingprocess
DestinationChannel
Feedback
Noise
Shannon-Weaver model (How Communication Takes Place)
Information source – source of message o Sender has raw information. o His intention changes that information into a
message to be communicated
1. Source creates messages
2. Selects channel
3. Sendsmessage
6. InterpretsMessages
5. Filters-•Experience•Knowledge•Feelings
4. Receiver gets message
NoiseFeedback
Shannon-Weaver model
Encoding – message thought – put into words ( verbal symbols or any other symbolic form of expression …)
Channel (transmission)– oral, written, electronic, coded, signaling system -appropriate medium / channel chosen
Decoding – receiver gets message by -receiving, understanding and interpreting the message
Acting – communication process ends with receiver putting the interpreted message into action – as intended by the sender and gives feedback to sender
Shannon-Weaver model
Thus Communication completes full circle.
Both sender and receiver become 2 aspects of a single purpose
Noise
Process open to “noise” Prevents / distorts
communication Noise – distortion or
hindrance, preventing transmission of message from (mind of) sender to (mind of) receiver
For some noise stands only for external disturbances – physical environment, machine – telephone, poor printout or bad handwriting
Filters -Communication distortions caused by subjective factors such as mind sets of sender and receiver
Mental in nature - Caused by mindset of sender and receiver
Include attitudes, beliefs, experiences, consciousness of personal status, ability to think clearly etc
Misunderstanding & other problems may arise as sender’s message passes through the filters of the receiver, which comprise –the sender’s filters + low interest / involvement + distraction / fatigue causing loss of concentration
2-way communication process
More contemporary in nature Receiver also acts as the sender of
feedback to sender Both sender and receiver play
reciprocal and reversible roles 2 way concept considers
communication to be a reciprocal process and a mutual exchange of messages
No distinction between roles of sender and receiver because same person plays both roles
2-way communication process
The two way concept involves receiver as an active agent in the construction of meaning of the message.
2 way communication also known as “transactional communication”
Example-2-way communication process
Ideation
Encoder
Message
Channel
Decoder / Receiver
Feedback Employee’s reaction to the policy communicated
The audience of the message – for whom the policy
is intended & who read the bulletin
The medium – the news bulletin
The content (policy details) & thewords/pictures used to convey
the policy to the employees
Editor / person who writes the policy
An organization’s policy to be circulated among all employees through news bulletin
Elements of Communication
Elements of Communication
1. Message Information - written or spoken To be sent from one “person” to
another “Person” - represents the 2 ends of a
system – could be an individual / a group / electronic machines
Most important element – it is organized, structured, shaped and selective – product of pre-writing or pre-speaking
Exists in the mind of the sender
2. Sender
Transmits / spreads / communicates – message or operates the electronic device
Conceives and initiates the message with purpose of informing/ persuading / influencing / changing the attitude / opinion or behaviour of the receiver
Decides the symbols, channel, time of sending the message after carefully considering the total situation in which communication takes place
3. Encoding
Changing message from mental form to symbols – putting ideas, facts, feelings, opinions into words, actions, signs, pictures & audio-visuals
Communication symbols selected keeping in mind the receiver’s ability to understand & interpret correctly
4. Channel
Vehicle or medium which facilitates the sender to convey the message to the receiverMedium – written, oral, audio-visual
Written medium – letters, memos, reports, manuals, notices, circulars, questionnaires, minutes etc.
Oral medium – dialogue, face-to-face interview, telephone conversation, conference recording etc.
Visuals - Hoardings, posters, slides, documentary films, TV programs & advertisements
5. Receiver
Targeted audience
Receives, understands, interprets and tries to perceives total meaning of the message as transmitted by sender
6. Decoding
Act of translating symbols into their ordinary meanings
Total meaning – meaning of words (symbols) with tone, attitude of sender reflected by the structure of message & choice of words used by sender
Message manipulates receiver to act in a desired manner
Response action shows that he has understood the message
Receiver completes chain of communication by responding to the message
7. Acting
8. Feedback
Loop that connects the receiver in the communication process with the sender
Sender acts as the feedback receiver and gets to know that communication has been accomplished
Feedback plays an important role
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