common parasites of pinnipeds

Common Parasites of

PinnipedsLife Cycles, Clinical Presentation, and Management

Christine Bui, MBA

Parasites

Life cycles

Clinical presentation

Management

Overview

Common Parasites of Pinnipeds

Nematoda

Roundworms

Lungworms

Platyhelminthes

Tapeworms

Liver Flukes

Arthropoda

Nasal mites

Acanthocephala

Thorny-headed worms

Common Nematodes

Ascaris

Anisakis

Contracaecum

Porrocaecum

Terranova

Ostostrongylus

Parafilaroides

Uncinaria

Photo Reference: UCSC Sea Lion Gallery. 1 Aug 2006. <http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/view_album.php?set_albumName=album157>

Life Cycle- Nematoda

Figure Reference: Yanong, Roy P.E. “Nematode (Roundworm) Infections in Fish”. University of Florida, IFAS Extension. Circular 91, pp 1-10. December 2002.

Clinical Signs- Nematoda

Roundworms

Ulcers in stomach

Malnourishment

Intestinal blockage

Pass worms in vomit or stool

Lungworms

Cough

Hemorrhage

Inflammation

Pneumonia

Bronchiolar obstruction

Bacterial infection

Management- Nematoda

Detection ante-mortem

Vomit

Stool

Fecal exam

Detection post-mortem

Gastro-intestinal tract

Lungs

Anthelmintic

Pyrantel pamoate

Ivermectin

Benizimidazoles

Abamectin

Photo Reference: “Lungworm” UCSC Sea Lion Gallery. 1 Aug 2006.

<http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/view_album.php?set_albumName=album107>

Photo Reference: “Nematodes (Roundworms).” UCSC Sea Lion Gallery. 1 Aug, 2006.

<http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/view_album.php?set_albumName=album157>

Diphyllobothrium

Fasciola

Dicrocoelium

Common Platyhelminthes

Photo Reference: “Tapeworms (Flatworms).” UCSC Sea

Lion Gallery. 1 Aug, 2006.

<http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/view_album.php?set_al

bumName=album158>

Photo Reference: “Liver fluke.” Wikipedia. 29 Mar, 2012.

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Fasciola_hepatic

a.JPG/220px-Fasciola_hepatica.JPG>

Life Cycle- Platyhelminthes

Figure Reference: Yanong, Roy P.E. “Nematode (Roundworm) Infections in Fish”. University of Florida, IFAS Extension. Circular 91, pp 1-10. December 2002.

Clinical Signs- Platyhelminthes

Tapeworms

Anemia

Diarrhea

Vomit

Abdominal pain and

discomfort

Malnutrition and weight loss

Liver Flukes

Anemia

Weight loss

Damage to bile duct

epithelium

Management- Platyhelminthes

Detection ante-mortem

Stool

Fecal exam

Detection post-mortem

Intestines

Hepatic ducts,

gallbladder, liver

parenchyma

Anthelmintic

Praziquantel

Albendazole

Triclabendazole

Photo Reference: “Tapeworms (Flatworms).” UCSC Sea Lion Gallery. 1 Aug, 2006.

<http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/view_album.php?set_albumName=album158>

Photo Reference: “Liver Fluke.” UCSC Sea Lion Gallery. 1 Aug, 2006. <http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/view_album.php?set_albumName=album108>

Orthohalarachne

Common Arthropoda

Photo Reference: “Orthohalarachne”. Wikipedia.

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/O_attenuata.jpg>

Life Cycle- Arthropoda

Sneezing

Nasal discharge

Impaired respiration

Lesions in the lung

Alveolar emphysema

Mucosal erosion of nasal turbinates and

nasopharynx

Clinical Signs- Arthropoda

Management- Arthropoda

Detection ante-mortem

Nasal secretions

Detection post-mortem

Nasal cavity

Anthelmintic

Ivermectin

Photo Reference: “Nasal Mites.” UCSC Sea Lion Gallery. 1 Aug, 2006. <http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/view_album.php?set_albumName=album105>

Corynosoma

Common Acanthocephala

Photo Reference: CaRMS Photogallery / Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Roberta Miller, 2012.

<http://www.marinespecies.org/carms/photogallery.php?album=1456&pic=48711>

Life Cycle- Acanthocephala

Figure Reference: Yanong, Roy P.E. “Nematode (Roundworm) Infections in Fish”. University of Florida, IFAS Extension. Circular 91, pp 1-10. December 2002.

Hemorrhage

Inflammation

Anemia

Malnutrition and weight loss

Mortality

Clinical Signs- Acanthocephala

Management- Acanthocephala

Detection ante-mortem

Stool

Detection post-mortem

Intestinal tract

Difficult because of

ubiquitous in freshwater

intermediate hosts

Tx is unknown however

fenbendazole has been

tried experimentally

Photo Reference: Halajian, Ali. “Parasite World: A Popular Site about Parasitism.” 18 Jun, 2009. <http://parasites-world.com/corynosoma-sp-caspian-

seal/?show=gallery>

References1. Ballweber, Lora Rickard. “VM 638 Veterinary Parasitology Class Notes.” Colorado State University. Spring 2012. Print.

2. CaRMS Photogallery / Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Roberta Miller, 2012

<http://www.marinespecies.org/carms/photogallery.php?album=1456&pic=48711>

3. Dailey, M.D.: Parasitology-Basic Considerations (in Fowler, M.E.: Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine. Philadelphia:

Saunders, 1986.)

4. Dierauf, Leslie A., and Frances M.D. Gulland. CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine. New York: CRC Press,

2001. Print.

5. Foreyt, William J. Veterinary Parasitology: Reference Manual, 5th ed. Iowa: Blackwell, 1997. Print.

6. Halajian, Ali. “Parasite World: A Popular Site about Parasitism.” 18 Jun, 2009. <http://parasites-

world.com/corynosoma-sp-caspian-seal/?show=gallery>

7. Kinne, O. Diseases caused by Parasites.

8. Lauckner, G.: Diseases of Mammalia: Pinnipedia (in Kinne, O.: Diseases of Marine Animals, v. 4. 1985.)

9. “Liver Fluke.” UCSC Sea Lion Gallery. 1 Aug, 2006.

<http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/view_album.php?set_albumName=album108>

10. “Lungworm.” UCSC Sea Lion Gallery. 1 Aug, 2006.

<http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/view_album.pho?set_albumName=album107>

11.Mehlhorn, Heinz. Encyclopedia of Parasitology. Vol. 1&2. 3rd ed. New YorkL Springe. Print.

12. “Nasal Mites.” UCSC Sea Lion Gallery. 1 Aug, 2006.

<http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/view_album.php?set_albumName=album105>

13. “Nematodes (Roundworms).” UCSC Sea Lion Gallery. 1 Aug, 2006.

<http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/view_album.pho?set_albumName=album157>

14. “Parasitism in Marine Mammals.” Journal of the American Veterinarian Medical Association. 155:1064. Print. 1969.

15. Perrin, William F., Bernd Wursig, and J.G. M. Thewissen. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. 2nd ed. Elsevier.

16. “Tapeworms (Flatworms).” UCSC Sea Lion Gallery. 1 Aug, 2006. <http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/

view_album.php?set_albumName=album158>

17. Yanong, Roy P.E. “Nematode (Roundworm) Infections in Fish”. University of Florida, IFAS Extension. Circular 91,

pp 1-10. December 2002. Print.

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