common culinary herbs and their uses
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8/3/2019 Common Culinary Herbs and Their Uses
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Common Culinary Herbs and Their Uses
Based on a fact sheet published by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture in the 1970s.Updated by Cathy Avery.
Culture Uses Characteristics Harvest
ANISE Pimpinella anisum
. . .
seed; use fresh seed; likes
sun; space 15-20 cm (6-8
inches) apart
green leaves and seeds in
salads; meats; bakery
goods; tastes somewhat likelicorice
annual; slow-growing;
whitish flowers in flat
clusters; finely cut lobedleaves; 60 cm (2 feet) tall
use leaves fr
seeds when
remove fromstore
BASIL, Sweet
Ocimum basilicum. . .
seed; sow after ground iswarm in spring; plant late;needs water and warmth,
sun and shelter; 30 cm (12
inches) apart; pinch out topsof branches to prevent
bloom -- this produces more
leaves
border plant for garden, or in pots for patios; choppedleaves fresh or dry have
clove-like flavour and taste;
seasoning for vegetablesand meat
annual; deep-green leaves;white blooms; manyvarieties available including
small leaf (bush) and purple
types; 30-90 cm (12-36inches) high
cut stalks ba(4-6 inches)growing sea
frozen; strip
stems and sc
BAY LAUREL Laurus nobilis
. . .
seed or stem cuttings (slowand difficult to establish);
best to buy established plants; full or diffused sun;
grow in containers; well-
draining, rich soil; space
30-90 cm (1-3 feet)depending on size
fresh or dried leaves insoups, stews, fines herbes
blends
tree or shrub; tender perennial; deep green,
shiny, leathery leaves;grows up to 6 m (20 feet) in
southern climates; can be
keep small and bushy at
under 1 m (3 feet)
pick mature fresh or scre
whole
BORAGE Borago officinalis
. . .
seed; sow early spring; willself-sow; needs dry, sunny
place; space 30-45 cm (12-
18 inches) apart
young leaves havecucumber flavour; use them
in salads and cold soups;
use fresh leaves in eggs;
fresh flowers in fruit drinksand candied for dessert
garnish
bushy plant; coarse leaves;annual; grows 60-90 cm (2-
3 feet) high; blue flowers
pick blossom pick leaves f
BURNET, Salad . . .
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Poterium sanguisorba
seed; full sun; dry, sandy
soil; space 30 cm (12
inches) apart
fresh leaves have mild
cucumber flavour; for
salads, soups, dressings,spreads and vinegars
hardy perennial; 45 cm (18
inches) high
pick leaves a
remove flow
they appear
CARAWAY Carum carvi
. . .
seed; sow spring or fall; fullsun, light soil; seeds
produced second year;
space 30-45 cm (12-18
inches) apart
seeds used to flavour bread, pastry, meat, soups, sauces,
confections
biennial; feathery foliage;creamy flowers; resembles
carrot; 60 cm (2 feet) tall
dry seed heaseeds in autu
year
CHERVIL
Anthriscus cerefolium. . .
seed; sow spring or fall; partial shade; rich organicsoil; 45 cm (18 inches)
apart
leaves fresh or dried used asgarnish for fish, in soups,omelettes; mix with salad
greens
annual; goes to seed inJune; leaves are parsley-like, ferny; 30-60 cm (12-
24 inches) high
leaves best ufreezing is th preserve
CHIVES Allium schoenoprasum
. . .
division or seed; rich, moistsoil; plant same as onions;
divide clumps and pot for
indoor use during winter
clumps and bloomsdecorative in gardens;
leaves used fresh or dried in
salads and as seasonings;
has onion flavour
perennial; can be used thefirst season; resembles fine-
leaved onions; grows in
clumps; violet edible
flowers
leaves best uflavour bette
dried; for dr
small pieces
CORIANDER (Cilantro)
Coriandrum sativum. . .
seed; start in spring; do not
transplant; for cilantro leaf production, repeat sowings;
space 10 cm (4 inches)
apart; full sun, light soil
seeds for spices in baking,
dressings; tastes and smellslike orange leaves in
stuffings, curries; fresh
leaves essential in Chineseand Southeast Asian dishes,
and in Mexican salsas
annual; grows 60 cm (2
feet) tall
harvest seed
before shattedevelops up
leaves harve
flowering, ucilantro
DILL Anethum graveolens
. . .
seed; repeat sowings for summer long supply; sow
early; needs rich soil; space
25 cm (10 inches) apart
leaves for salads; freshleaves and seed stalks for
dill pickles; after drying use
to season meats, fish,vegetables
annual; 60-90 cm (2-3 feet)tall; feathery foliage;
rampant grower
leaves are beflowers open
as soon as ri
whole plant
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FENNEL
Foeniculum vulgare. . .
seed; best sown directly in
garden; full sun; rich soil;space 45 cm (18 inches)
apart
all parts of leaves, stems
and seeds aromatic; usedfor fish seasonings and
sauces; ornamental
background plants for garden
annual; tall, rampant,
branching; thread-likefoliage to 1 m (3 feet)
flower stalk
before bloomlike celery; l
fresh; dried
teas
GARLIC
Allium sativum. . .
cloves planted early spring
or fall; grows in any goodgarden soil; full sun; plant
cloves 15 cm (6 inches)
apart and 5 cm (2 inches)
deep
chopped cloves season
meats, vegetable sauces;garlic salt obtained from
pulverized dried cloves
flat, onion-like leaves to 60
cm (2 feet); prune flower stalk to increase yield; fall
planting produces bigger
cloves
dig bulbs, dr
in cool dry a
LAVENDER, English
Lavandula angustifolia. . .
seeds or cuttings; sun and
poor soil for fragrance;needs protection or take
indoors if winters severe;
space 60 cm (2 feet) apart
fragrance; fresh and dried
flowers; oil distilled fromthem; place dried flowers in
small cloth bags for
scenting closets; good border or hedge plants
perennial; somewhat
woody; 30-60 cm (12-24inches); gray-green leaves;
many varieties available
cut and dry w
spikes whento open; do n
excessive or
when dryingoils are very
LOVAGE
Levisticum officinale . . .
seed or division; full or part
sun; sandy, fertile soil;space 1 m (3 feet) apart
leaves have strong celery
flavour; for salads, soups,dried herb blends
hardy perennial; one plant
enough; deep green leaves;white flowers attract
beneficial insects; grows up
to 2 m (6 feet)
pick leaves a
fresh, freezeto dry, minc
MARJORAM, SweetOriganum majorana
. . .
seed, cuttings, crown
division; sow early inside or in coldframe; shadeseedlings until established,
then full sun; space 20-25
cm (8-10 inches); can betaken inside in winter as pot
plant
gray-green foliage
ornamental for colour contrast; leaves used freshor dried as seasoning for
meat dishes; oil used in
perfumes
annual or tender perennial;
velvety leaves; veryfragrant; low-spreading and bushy to 30 cm (12 inches)
high
cut stalks be
hang to dry bunches or s
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MINT
Spearmint Mentha spicata
Peppermint M. x piperita Orange mint M. x piperita citrata
. . .
surface or underground
rhizomes; thin beds andrenew every 3-4 years; willgrow in semi-shade; rich,
moist soil; space 45 cm (18
inches) apart
fragrance for scent; crushed
leaves flavour tea, candies,mint sauce; oil from plant issource of menthol
perennial; purple flowers;
refreshing fragrance;spreads by surface runners; plant in tubs to keep roots
restricted; up to 90 cm (3
feet) tall
pick leaves i
from plants;fresh or drie before flowe
OREGANO
Origanum vulgare. . .
seeds or division; grows
well in poor soil; does well
in containers and as ground
cover for banks; space 30-45 cm (12-18 inches) apart
fresh or dried leaves as
meat or vegetable
seasoning; used in pizza
perennial; soft, rounded
leaves; grows in clumps 60
cm (2 feet) high
cut stalks be
begins; hang
on screens
PARSLEY
Petroselinum crispum. . .
seed; sow early inside, self
sows; medium-rich soil; sun
or part shade; best started in
coldframes; space 15-20 cm(6-8 inches); start new
plants each year
decorative as an edging
plant; rich in vitamins A
and C; leaves best used
fresh; seasoning for soup,meats, salads
biennial; finely curled
leaves; flowers second year;
20 cm (8 inches) high;
compact plant; flat leaf varieties have strongest
flavour
best used fre
and roots ke
dried or froz
of growth is
ROSEMARY Rosmarinus officinalis
. . .
stem cuttings; seed
germinates slowly;
overwinter in cool sunny
spot in house; keep foliagemisted; doesn't like acid
soil; needs full sun and
wind shelter; space 1 m (3feet) apart
use ornamentally as
specimen pot plant; use
leaves fresh or dried as food
seasoning, especially on poultry or lamb
evergreen; narrow leaves;
shrubby; not reliably hardy;
leathery leaves have
pungent spicy fragrance;reaches 1-2 m (3-6 feet) in
southern climates
cut leaves an
flowering; d
excessive or
when dryingvolatile; free
recommende
SAGE, GardenSalvia officinalis
. . .
seed, stem cuttings; cut
back in spring for newfoliage; needs well-drained
soil; space 75 cm (30
inches) apart in sun
leaves used dried or fresh as
poultry dressing andstuffing, or as meat
seasoning
gray, shrubby, perennial;
blue flowers; woody;sprawly habit; to 45 cm (18
inches) tall
cut leaves th
growing sealeaves, scree
in small bun
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SAVORY, Summer
Satureja hortensis. . .
seed; sow 30-40 seeds per
metre (10-12 seeds per foot); do not thin; medium-
rich soil in sun; make
several sowings 3 weeksapart; space 15 cm (6
inches)
suitable as a border hedge 8
inches high; leaves usedfresh or dried as seasoning
in soups, egg dishes,
sauces, especially withgreen beans
annual; weak stems; mauve
flowers; 40-45 cm (16-18inches) high; leaves
pungent and spicy
cut stalks be
hang to dry
SORREL, Garden Rumex acetosa
. . .
seed or division; full sun;rich soil; space 45 cm (18
inches) apart
tart, acid flavour; for soups,salads, sauces; rich in
vitamin A and C
heart-shaped succulentleaves; hardy perennial; cut
off flower stalks to promote
leaf growth; 30-60 cm (1-2
feet) tall
young leaveonly; cut ba
(2-4 inches)
growing sea
regrow; free
TARRAGON, French
Artemisia dracunculus sativa
. . .
division of root crowns;need cold period each year
(roots frozen) for continued
growth; divide plants every3 years; space 30 cm (12
inches) apart
fresh or dried leaves insauces and seafood;
ingredients of tartar sauce;
young leaves flavour vinegar, chicken dishes
hardy perennial; doesn't setseed; grows to 60 cm (2
feet); much branched;
narrow, twisted leaves
leaves are besome flavou
drying; can b
THYME
Thymus vulgaris. . .
stem cuttings, division; sowseed early; well-drained,
fertile soil; full sun; space
25 cm (10 inches) apart; cut back each spring; mulch
over winter
fragrant ground cover for rock garden; fresh or dried
leaves usually blended with
other herbs
perennial; shrubby, woodystems; low-growing, 15-20
cm (6-8 inches); leaves
highly aromatic; can be potted and grown indoors in
winter
cut leafy topflowering; h
screen dry
VERBENA, Lemon Aloysia triphylla
(Lippia citriodora)
. . .
cuttings; tender woody
shrub; take indoors in
winter
leaves for fragrance and to
give lemon taste to
beverages and jellies
narrow, shiny leaves are
lemon-scented; non-hardy
perennial
strip leaves
from plant b
come out; dr
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