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Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Stato del LUCID
M. Villa per il LUCID group
• Storia recente• Nuova strategia rivelatore• Tests su fascio• Tests di irraggiamento• Elettronica• Meccanica• Simulazione• Costi
LUminosity measurement using Cerenkov Integrating Detector
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Gruppi partecipanti• University of Alberta (Detector mechanics, gas system, HV,
LV, optical-fibre cables, simulation, installation) – J. L. Pinfold, R. Soluk, J. Soukup (chief mechanical engineer), Y. Yao.
• University of Bologna (Detector mechanics, DAQ, readout electronics, HV, LV, trigger, simulation, radiation testing, slow controls, installation)– A. Bertin, M. Bruschi, D. Caforio, R. Di Sipio, S. De Castro, I. D’Antone (elec. chief engineer), L. Fabbri, P. Faccioli, B. Giacobbe, I. Massa, M. Piccinini, M. Poli, C. Sbarra, A. Sbrizzi, N. Semprini-Cesari, R. Spighi, M. Villa, A. Vitale, A. Zoccoli
• CERN (Simulation, calibration)– S. Ask, P. Grafstrom,
• University of Lund/CERN (Integration, electronics)– V. Hedberg, B. Lundberg
• University of Alberta (Detector mechanics, gas system, HV, LV, optical-fibre cables, simulation, installation) – J. L. Pinfold, R. Soluk, J. Soukup (chief mechanical engineer), Y. Yao.
• University of Bologna (Detector mechanics, DAQ, readout electronics, HV, LV, trigger, simulation, radiation testing, slow controls, installation)– A. Bertin, M. Bruschi, D. Caforio, R. Di Sipio, S. De Castro, I. D’Antone (elec. chief engineer), L. Fabbri, P. Faccioli, B. Giacobbe, I. Massa, M. Piccinini, M. Poli, C. Sbarra, A. Sbrizzi, N. Semprini-Cesari, R. Spighi, M. Villa, A. Vitale, A. Zoccoli
• CERN (Simulation, calibration)– S. Ask, P. Grafstrom,
• University of Lund/CERN (Integration, electronics)– V. Hedberg, B. Lundberg
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Storia recente• Feb. 2004: LUCID - part of the “ATLAS Luminosity
measurement Letter of Intent”• Jul. 2005: Bologna group joins LUCID working group• Nov. 2005: 1st test beam - yield 5.5 PEs/tube @1.25 bar• Aug. 2006: 2nd test beam (better alignment, correction
from silicon telescope, bigger exit aperture for WC, etc)– Light yield ~14 PEs/tube @1.25 bar with WC to MaPMT – Light yield ~60 PEs/tube @1.25 bar with WC to PMT.
• Dec. 2006: 3rd test beam - test of electronics & DAQ • Jan. 2007: ATLAS Review of Phase 1 (low lumi) LUCID
detector - for proposed installation in August 2007• Feb. 2007: LUCID becames an ATLAS Project
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Attività di Bologna
Development of the DAQ/TRIGGER/Slow control electronics
Participation in the Test Beam @ Desy (Aug 06, Dec 06) and data analysis
Monte Carlo: development and optimization of the code (to reproduce the test beam results).Simulation of the backgrounds.
Optical test on benches to check the detector performances and tune the MC
Radiation hardness studies Detector design, mechanical construction and
installation
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Funzionamento
• Un gruppo di tubi di alluminio internamente riflettente e riempito di gas C4F10 funziona come rivelatore Cherenkov
• La luce Cherenkov, prodotta da particelle cariche coassiali al tubo, è emessa (tipicamente) con un angolo di 3° dall’asse e fa 3 riflessioni prima di arrivare in fondo nella zona di raccolta
• Non ci sono fluttuazioni di landau:
• Il rivelatore ha una buona risoluzione temporale (2-3 ns). E’ possibile studiare BX singoli.
tr INN N N L
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Funzionamento• Scopo del LUCID è di contare il numero di particelle che incidono
sul rivelatore, provenienti dalla zona dell’interazione primaria e usare questa informazione per una misura di luminosità. Alta accettanza forward detector.
• Il rivelatore è intrinsecamente rad-hard e leggero; occorre valutare la resistenza alla radiazione degli elementi di lettura della luce.
• Esperienza in CDF:
• Opzioni:
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
LUCID locationPseudorapidity coverage 5.6< |<6.0 Radiator C4F10
20 x1.5 m polished Al tubes (D=1.5cm)
2 bundles of projective 2 bundles of projective Cerenkov tubes around Cerenkov tubes around the beam pipe at the beam pipe at ~17 m ~17 m from the interaction from the interaction point on each sidepoint on each side
Beam pipe
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
LUCID Review 29/01/07The LUCID REVIEW
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
New strategy PHASE 1 - Low lumi L < ~ 1033 cm-2 s-1 ends 2009Dominating sys for many studiesFinal goal ~ 4-5%+ pp (CDF:~4% )
PHASE 2 – High lumi L ~ 1034 cm-2 s-1 after 2009Final goal ~ 2-3% +pp
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Outcome of the Review:
• Reviewers: progetto consigliato per l’approvazione• Goal principale: installare per luglio• Iniziare subito gli ordini (PMT – 4 mesi)• Iniziare subito la meccanica• Invito formale per una partecipazione di Bologna sulla meccanica
32 PMT nella regione ad alta radiazione+2 MAPMT = circa 160 canali di R.O.
Punti critici:Durata PMT sotto irraggiamentoEffetto dei fotoni cherenkov prodotti
nella finestra di quarzo del PMT
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Detector Design
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Meccanica
• Attività a Bologna: progettazione vessel
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Testbeam results
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Radiation Hardness
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Gain variations
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
ElettronicsP
P
D
D
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
SimulationsEVENT
GENERATOR
Simulationof hard and soft pp interactions
PHOJET 1.12
ATLAS
Simulation of the whole detector, except for an empty volume
to be filled with LUCID
GCALOR
LUCID
Simulation of the LUCID detector
in the available Volume
GEANT 4.7.1
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Simulations
SIDE particle
FRONT particles
LUCID volume
Beam pipe
LUCID
Y
ZPrimary
Distance from the IP 16978 mm
Cherenkov tube
SIDE secondaries
FRONT secondaries
Cherenkov tube
Primary particles are mainly pionsfront particles and side secondary particles are mainly electrons
GCALOR provides particle momentaat the LUCID external surface
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Simulation results
Threshold cut: total number of p.e. larger than 50 (“tube hit”).The signal above threshold consists in large part of “FRONT particles”.
Cherenkov photons from PMT window
Cherenkov photons from gas + PMT
LUMINOSITY: First method – Hit counting Second method – Track counting
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Hit counting
/Hits BX
pp LUCID
NL
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Installation time schedule
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Detector costsItem # per detector side Cost (CHF)
Tubes 20+20 11.600Winston cones 4+4 3.480Mechanics Vessel + support structure 16.340Fibers PUV800 1650 m 12.600Gas system 15.000PMT+divider (16+16)x2 38.075MAPMT+divider (1+1)x2 8.118HV Cables+connectors (64+128+1+1)x2 20.200HV System SH1527 68.000Signal Cables+connectors TX-RX + Fibers 3.600Front End electronics MAROC+PMT FED CARD 20.000Readout electronics ROD card 60.000Trigger electronics TRIGGER card 20.000DAQ system 55.000Low voltage cables+system LV cables + connectors 19.600Calibration system 7.800Total cost for phase I 379.413Already Paid + staged Fed+VME TX+CFD + HV system 77.000Funding in 2007 302.413
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Additional requests More involvement means more costs:
Costuzione apparati +15 k€
Consumo +15 k€ Prototipo vessel + acquisti vari (elettronica, ecc…)
Trasferte estero (da discutere insieme ad altre richieste)
Richiesta acquisto PMT tramite Hamamatsu-Italia: Richiesta di sblocco di 30 k€ del S-J Milano e assegnazione a
Bologna (acquisto PMT)
30 k€ di fondi MOF-A coperti dal CERN x Milano Total Gain/Loss: 0 € (x Bologna, x Milano)
(Vertici INFN d’accordo)
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Additional information
More involvement means more responsability:
Marco Bruschi (INFN BO) è il nuovo
Project Leader del LUCID
Vincent Hedberg (CERN) è
il Technical Coordinator del LUCID
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Conclusions• Activity of the group focused on the
installation of LUCID for July 07 (phase I)• Very tight schedule. Minimal goal: install 2
detector ends with 32 tubes readout directly by PMT. Everything else can be delayed (electronics, final DAQ, …)
• Two critical areas: PMT procurements (first delivery 27 april) and tube/vessel machining (begin of may)
• More involvement of Bologna in the mechanics (mainly vessel)
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
BACKUPS
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
The FED CARDS
PMF: HV DividerSignal Routing MAROC chip MAPMT FED
PMT MOTHER CARD
1 2 3 16
PMTDAUGHTER CARDS
In Out
PMT FEDAmplifier+Diff. Line Drivers
MAROC (ROMAN POTS):4 SUM OVER 16 CHANNELS (ANALOG OUT)64 THR. DISCRIMINATOR (DIGITAL OUT/GOL LINKS)
MRO
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
stru 1stru 2
stru 16
GOLRX
LVDSS/P
3
3
3
LVDS 1 (to trig. unit)
LVDS 2 (to trig. unit)
LVDS 3 (to trig. unit)
LVDS 4 (to trig. unit)
stru 2
TTCRQ i.f.opt. lnkfrom TTCEX
VME P1VME I.F
DPRAMDPRAM
DPRAM
CTRLLOGIC
6 Bytes
6 Bytes
6 Bytes
EVENTBUFFER
s-LINKto ROS
from CTRL LOGICfrom CTRL LOGIC
160 MB/s
s-LINK Busy
LUCID ROD CARD (2+2units ) – VME 9U
Analog_In 1
Analog_In 2
Analog_In 16
GOL_In 1
GOL_In 2
GOL_In 10
~200 Bytes/ev
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Single Tube Readout Unit
20 nsint
5 nsreset
25 ns
time
LHC Clock
LHC Int. Time
ADC GATE
to thetrigger
unit
FanOut
GI+
ADC
Multiplicity per Tube
LUT
8
1
3
TUBE
LUT
(1 MB)3
#1
#16
GOL
LINK
1/4 datafrom the MRO
DIFF. ANALOGINPUT (FROM FED)
STRU
CFD (Prog.
Thr+NR)
ADC GATE
RAW DATA TO READOUT per STRU ~ 6 Bytes/BC
12
20
Progr. GATE & DEL
LHC Clock
Note: the dashed components are usedonly for the MAPMT readout scheme
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
SignalBuffer
TTCRQ i.f.opt. lnkfrom TTCEX
VME P1VME I.F
CTRLLOGIC
s-LINKto ROS 160 MB/s
s-LINK Busy
LUCID TRIGGER CARD (1 unit ) – VME 9U
Detector
1
Detector
2
LVDS 1
LVDS 2
SignalBuffer
FPGA basedTRIGGER
PROCESSINGUNIT
5 ser. Inp60 bit/BC
5 ser. Inp60 bit/BC
to the L1 trigger
~40 Bytes/ev
FPGA:Algorithm Flexibility
LVDS 3
LVDS 4
LVDS 5
LVDS 1
LVDS 2
LVDS 3
LVDS 4
LVDS 5
ONLINELUMINOSITYSCALERS
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
The prototypePMT FED Test Board
MAPMT
PMT Inputs
MAPMT HV
ANALOG SIGNAL Outputs(18x4)
x10 x5
2ch Preamp+DriverPMT Daughter Card
Mother Card
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
The prototype TX-RX SystemTX system:PMT Mother Card+ 36 Daughter Cards
x2÷4
PZ adj
Gain adj
DEC. 06 Test DAQ
7 VME RX cards
SBCCORBOQDCADCSCALER
ATLAS TDAQ-01-06-01
RX system:VME RX card8 channelsPZ adjGain adj
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Signal Characteristics
PMT: R2496Cable length=100 mSource: Led pulses
The pole-zero correction performed bythe RX card to compensate for cable lossesworks properly
Cable length=100 mSource: Pulser
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
LED Calibration System - II
PULSER
Amplitude: ~ 4 V (variable in 10 mV steps)Duration: ~ 20 ns
Trigger Output (to the DAQ trigger logic)
Led amplitude adjusted to see the single photoelectron signal
LEDCARD
PMTOptical Fiber LUCID TUBE
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
LUCID position
MBTSTILE
Front face of LUCID end is ~17m from the IP. Projective geometry. Acceptance covered 5.4 <|η|< 6.1 LUCID region 6-7 Mrad/year at 1034 cm-2s-1
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Richieste finanziarie 2007Gruppo BO-Lumi: 16.6 FTE + 0.85 Tecnol.= 17.5 FTE
Missioni interne:- metabolismo 17.5 k€Missioni estero:- metabolismo (17.5 FTE x 1.5MU x 4.4k€)115.5 k€- C&I (6 mesi x 3 FTE x 4.4 k€) 79.2 k€- Presa dati (3mesi x 2FTE x 4.4 k€) 26.4 k€Consumo:- metabolismo 26.0 k€Inventario: - 2 postazioni di lavoro 4.0 k€Costruzioni apparato: - (vedi trasparenza successiva) 45.0 k€
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Richieste costr. Apparati 2007
Elettronica ITEM # price/unit total price
Scheda FED MAROC 2 2600 5200Scheda PMF 4 1500 6000Single Board Computer 1 4000 4000CAEN QDC V792 2 4000 8000CAEN TDC V1190 A (V767) 1 5900 5900PC 2 1700 3400Scheda FIFO 6 1000 6000
Totale elettronica 2007 38500
CAVI+CONN.HV 14 100 1400LV 12 200 2400Optical Fibers (bundle 12) 2 700 1400Optical Fiber (TTCRQ) 2 100 200Signal 12 30 360
Totale cavi+conn. 2007 5760
Totale richieste 2007 44260
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Item Description # per side # total Price (CHF) Total (CHF)
PMT Hamamatsu R762 16 40 727 29.075PMT Voltage Divider E974-17MOD 16 40 225 9.000PMT HV cables+connect. 100 m length 1 2 7.500 15.000MAPMT Hamamatsu H7546B-06 1 3 2.173 6.518MAPMT Voltage Divider Custom (Ham. Design, LUND) 2 4 400 1.600PMF card Maroc+Custom (LUND) 1 2 1.500 3.000MRO card Custom (BO) 1 2 7.500 15.000MAPMT HV cables Teknikabel T03103 (100 m) 1 2 2.500 5.000MAPMT HV conn. 1 LNF + 4 SHV 1 2 100 200ANALOG TX-RX cables Shielded TW. P. cl.5e (100 m) 5 10 160 1.600OPTICAL FIBER Bundle, 100 m 1 2 1.000 2.000LV cable+connectors 100 m 4 8 1.200 9.600LV system CAEN/Wiener 1 10.000 10.000PMT FED CARD MOTHER BOARD (Custom-Bo) 1 2 1.000 2.000ROD card (Custom-Bo) 2 4 15.000 60.000TRIGGER card (Custom-Bo) 1 20.000 20.000QDC CAEN V792 2 6.000 12.000TDC CAEN V1190A 1 8.000 8.000Scaler CAEN 1 6.000 6.000VME RX Custom(BO) 5 10 600 6.000CFD card Custom(BO) 5 10 600 6.000HV System CAEN SY1527 LC + 6 A1833BN 1 68.000 68.000SBC CPU VME (DAQ) 2 6.000 12.000PC 2 2.500 5.000TOTAL 312.593
LUCID: electronics cost phase I
Bo
Bo
Bo
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
CommentsThe number of PMT and MAPMT includes spares.Bologna will cover the costs (INFN funding) of the electronics marked on the table (budget ~70k€)The MAPMT FED, the VME-TX and the CFD cards have been already produced and paid in Bologna HV system can be staged in the first phase. We plan to use only 1 supplier + 2 boards. One of the boards has been already bought in Bologna.
TOTAL cost (CHF) 312.593MRO card Custom(BO) 1 2 7.500 15.000 PaidVME RX Custom(BO) 5 10 600 6.000 PaidCFD card Custom(BO) 5 10 600 6.000 PaidHV System 1 A1833BN 1 10.000 10.000 PaidUpdated cost 275.593HV System staging 4 A1833BN 4 10.000 40.000 StagedSystem cost in 2007 235.593
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
LUCID: mechanics costs phase I
Gas system includes the cost of the gas for one year.
Item Description Cost (CHF)Gas vessel Rolling & welding 6.000
Machining end flanges 640Machining Inner pipes 800Machining end plates 3.740
Cherenkov Tubes Production & machining 11.600Winston cones Production & machining 3.480Alignment system Production & installation 1.820Connectors for ferrels Machining 1.840Epoxy Material cost 1.500Fibers PUV800 Fiber bundles: 1650 m 12.600Calibration system Pulser + fibers (320m) 7.800Gas system Full system + gas 15.000TOTAL 66.820
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Dec 06 test beam
• During the December 2006 Test Beam we took data using the last version of the ATLAS TDAQ (TDAQ-01-06-01)
• During the December 2006 Test Beam we took data using the last version of the ATLAS TDAQ (TDAQ-01-06-01)
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Goals in Phase 1
• Lumi dominating errors for many studies (Higgs, SUSY) even at L = 5% the final goal ~ 2-3% (~6-7% at CDF)
• PHASE 1 - Low lumi running L < ~ 1033 cm-2 s-1 ends 2009 – Between 1 & 5 interactions/BC events (stage 1 & 3 of schedule) – Between 1 & 9 interactions/BC (stage 2 of schedule)
• PHASE 1 LUCID, a dedicated lumi monitor that will provide a relative lumi measurement across the whole range - capable of “following bunches”.
• Calibration in PHASE-1– Initially, use LHC Machine Parameters (Precision: ~10%)– Mid-term use physics, W/Z &/ee counting (Precision: ~5-10%)– Into PHASE 2 - late 2009 to early 2010, Roman Pot (ALFA) measurement
(Precision: ~2-3%)• LUCID would provide an online beam condition monitor to LHC control • Also we can gain experience with beam backgrounds for PHASE 2
• Lumi dominating errors for many studies (Higgs, SUSY) even at L = 5% the final goal ~ 2-3% (~6-7% at CDF)
• PHASE 1 - Low lumi running L < ~ 1033 cm-2 s-1 ends 2009 – Between 1 & 5 interactions/BC events (stage 1 & 3 of schedule) – Between 1 & 9 interactions/BC (stage 2 of schedule)
• PHASE 1 LUCID, a dedicated lumi monitor that will provide a relative lumi measurement across the whole range - capable of “following bunches”.
• Calibration in PHASE-1– Initially, use LHC Machine Parameters (Precision: ~10%)– Mid-term use physics, W/Z &/ee counting (Precision: ~5-10%)– Into PHASE 2 - late 2009 to early 2010, Roman Pot (ALFA) measurement
(Precision: ~2-3%)• LUCID would provide an online beam condition monitor to LHC control • Also we can gain experience with beam backgrounds for PHASE 2
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Reminder: Required Luminosity Precision
• Luminosity dominating errors for many studies
• Even at L = 5%
• Final Goal ~ 2-3%
• Including Calibration by Roman Pot Measurement
The dominant uncertainty is from Luminosity: 10% (open symbols), 5% (solid symbols).
(ATLAS-TDR-15, May 1999)
Higgs coupling
tan
Error dominated by luminosity (ATLAS Physics TDR )
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Reminder: Determine a Cross Section
dt)t(f)t(p)t(l)t()t(L
NNBR bk
Acceptance
Sum Over Valid dt
Instant. Luminosity
Efficiency TDAQ Live Time
Trigger Pre-Scale
Failures and Losses
Time Interval
LB
LBtdtLuminosity Blocks (LB) definetime intervals of data taking
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Online vs Offline Luminosity Online • Beam/Data-taking Monitoring
– Relative Luminosity is most important
– Provide Instantaneous Luminosity• Average over all BCIDs• Individual BCIDs
– Delivered integrated luminosity (i.e. no dead-time etc)
• Luminosity decrease during LB (<10min) should give less than 1% uncertainty on the instantaneous luminosity within the LB – Luminosity for each BCID
measured once per LB should be sufficient
Offline• Integrated lum. for Analysis
– Corrections from offline analysis
– Corrected for high or low priority dead-time
• Absolute lum. uncertainty depend
on the precision of the calibration method
Desired Absolute Precision: ~2-5%(As good as possible)
(Tevatron have 6-7% Now!)
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Requirements from the Analysis
• Dead-Time– Introduced only by CTP (LVL1)– Two kinds, high and low priority – Monitored by CTP per LB
• Pre-Scales– Introduced at LVL1, LVL2 and EF– Monitored per LB
• Failure/Quality Information– Monitored per LB
Meta-Data
Lum. TF Recommendations (relevant here)
• Use LB to synch. Information– Duration O(min), tuned by online/offline
operational constraints• Luminosity system used for integrated
luminosity should be read-out both with and independent of ATLAS TDAQ– For dead-time determination– Using both high and low priority dead-time
• Luminosity determined separately for each BCID– For Dead-time determination– Required by certain methods
• Luminosity systems should be notified about the LB transition for local synchronization
• Start/End time of LB recorded– LB can be identified both by LB number and
time interval
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Reminder: Relevant Definitions
BCID
iBturns
Inst
bInst
LndttLL
anglexFfkN
L
)(
)(4 *
2
Bunch Luminosity:• Varies between BCIDs• “Constant” within a LB
LHC 40 MHz Beam: 3564 possible bunch crossings (BC) with BCID = 0-3563 Only 2808 BC will be filled due to injection etc. (e.g. 89um long-gap)
Observables: Time structure of luminosity reflect BC structure of beam Instantaneous lum. corresponds to average rate from a set of BCs The BC will in practice imply discrete luminosity quanta Bunch Luminosity = Integrated luminosity of one specific BC
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Muon Background from the Machine
Lum 1027 cm-2s-1 1034 cm-2s-1
Int. Rate 80 Hz 40 MHz
LUCID single side rate
16 Hz 40MHz
Single muon bkg. Rate
0.06 Hz 40 Hz
LUCID coinc.
rate4Hz 40MHz
Coinc. Muon
Bkg. Rate10-8 Hz 10-5 Hz
Very conservative assumptions:• No energy cut• All muons survive through TAS + ATLAS (see charged hadron discussion)
Muon rate entering the ATLAS cavern, i.e. before the TAS etc,at L = 1034
LUCID coverage (phase 1)
Mu
on
s /
s (a
nd b
in)
Radius (cm)
Commissione 1, Roma, 3 Aprile 2007M. Villa
Charged Hadron Background
top related