cologne university of applied sciences / fachhochschule köln faculty of economics and business...
Post on 24-Dec-2015
216 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
"Partnership for a sustainabledevelopment"
The case of export promotion
First regional and interdisciplinaryAlumni Conference in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
November 11-14, 2007
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
The concept of sustainability:macro definitions
Sustainability has three macro components: • EcologicalEcological : present production and consumption must not reduce
development potential of future
• EconomicEconomic: development should lead to a constant (sustainable) growth path
• SocialSocial: “just” distribution of wealth
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
The concept of sustainability: micro/meso definitions
On a micro or meso level, sustainability is given when a
development programme or project in the long run a) Is effectiveeffective, i.e. it reaches its goals
b) Is significantsignificant, i.e. makes a contribution to the overall target (e.g. exports help develop a region)
c) Is efficientefficient, i.e. reaches its goals in an economical way
d) Does not have unacceptable side effectsside effects, i.e. culturally, environmentally, and socio-economically
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
The concept of sustainability: firm strategy oriented definitions
InnovationInnovation
CompetitivenessCompetitivenessMarket presenceMarket presence
Sustainability on a firm level means long run market presence
This fimr sustainability contributes to macro sustainability, too
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Sustainability as a process of continued (SME) business creation
• Creation of SMEs = entrepreneurshipentrepreneurship = innovation• Market orientationMarket orientation of SMEs makes innovation independent of
budget decisions feeds new information into SMEs• SMEs benefit from business networksbusiness networks in order to reduce cost
of non-core competency activities (e.g. business services)• ExportsExports support „life expectancy“ of SMEs • Exports require up-to-date market informationmarket information• Market information via business networksMarket information via business networks is preferred by
most SMEs
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Sustainability through and of business networks
Networks with particular relevance for SMEs offer services like: • Mutual credit guaranteecredit guarantee• Peer groupPeer group lending/borrowing arrangements• Schemes to link SME-entrepreneurs with larger firmslarger firms• Joint marketingmarketing initiatives
Networks are the more successful, the • BroaderBroader the campaigns to introduce them to businesses• Quicker start up financefinance is provided to them• More realistic the time frametime frame (4 years!)• more experienced network brokersbrokers are
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Employing networks for sustainable export performance: lessons learned from
IndonesiaTraditional trade Promotion: • DirectDirect Exports • Initial contact with customer at trade fairs trade fairs • Major problem: financefinance
Network based trade promotion• Trading houses Trading houses are prevailing form of network• BroaderBroader menu of services• SMEs do better Quicker start up financefinance is provided to them
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Employing networks for sustainable export performance: the case of Indonesia (2)
How to support networks: provide enabling environmenta) Offer Trade informationb) Provide participation in trade fairsc) Offer bundled services d) Build competence for strategy consultinge) Active assistance in network buildingf) Investment promotion alongside trade promotiong) nationwide network building (PPP?)
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
A special case of network: GVC
A dynamic definition: Sustainability = Innovation
a) GVC perspective of innovation
b) Exports initiate innovation
c) GVCs are vehicle for exports
InnovationInnovation
Global Value Global Value ChainsChains
ExportsExports
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Innovation takes the form of upgrading within GVCs
Four types of upgrading:
1.1. ProcessProcess upgrading
2.2. ProductProduct upgrading
3.3. FunctionalFunctional upgrading
4.4. IntersectoralIntersectoral upgrading
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Supporting industries and institutions
Factor conditions: Physical and human
resources
Demand conditions: Domestic customers
Structure of firms and rivalry: Leading businesses
International customers International customers
African African ExporterExporter
Porters single diamond model and GVCs
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Governance structure of GVCs
• No limitNo limit on functional activities• Distribution of value added determined by powerpower
• 2 types of governance of GVC 1. „Arms lengthArms length“
2. Non-marketNon-market
- Network
- Quasi hierarchy
- Hierarchy
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Governance structure of GVCs
• LatestLatest development: buyer driven value chains exert power through organization and information flow
• Opportunity for African producers:• Processing
• Product differentiation
• Investment in local systems
• Special customer relation management
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Governance structure of GVCs: which is best for African exporters?
• Semi hierarchies: Semi hierarchies: pro product/process upgrading- traditional manufacturing and textiles benefit more
• Networks: Networks: universal, but hard to achieve
• Horizontal:Horizontal: frequently in supplier-driven GVCs
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Innovation drivers
Source: UNCTAD, 2007
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
16Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Retailers / Buyers Lead Firms
First-tier firms
Second-tier firms
Contractors / Distributors
Subcontractors / producers
= Information transfer = Product flows
Third-tier firmsSubcontractors / resource extractors
Hierarchy and functional distribution in GVCs
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
17Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Retailers / Buyers Lead Firms
First-tier firms
Second-tier firms
Contractors / Distributors
Subcontractors / producers
= Responsibility transfer = Product flows
Third-tier firmsSubcontractors / resource extractors
Hierarchy and responsibility transfer
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Rewards for upgradingselected sectors, Sub Saharan Africa
Source: UNCTAD, 2007
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Cases of successful upgrading Kenya / UK (late 1990s)
Source: UNCTAD, 2007
Export of Fresh vegetables from Kenya to UK supermarkets was secured by …
Formation of producer alliance within KenyaBroadening of production base by investment in
TanzaniaImproving quality controlDiversification into cut flowers
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Cases of successful upgrading Zimbabwe / World (early 1990s)
Source: UNCTAD, 2007
Position as first tier exporter of cotton was expanded by …
Vertical integration into spinning of yarnWidening producer base by acquisition of cotton concessions in MozambiqueBoth leading to economies of scale in production of cotton
and yarn
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Cases of successful upgrading Coffee worldwide
Source: UNCTAD, 2007
General trend of downgrading of local suppliers could be resisted by …
Starting specialty coffee productionCatering to niche markets like Fair Trade and Organic Food sectorsSmallholder alliances direct sales at local auctions to avoid
local wholesalersIn few cases: Local Processing (wet processing plants)
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Cases of successful upgrading Mauritius / Clothing
Source: UNCTAD, 2007
Product (diversification) and process upgrading was achieved by …
Investing in Madagascar, and thus Achieving economies of scale
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Conclusions from previous cases of LDC-initiated attempts at staying in GVCs
Source: UNCTAD, 2007
LDC firms can stay integrated into GVCs by …
Achieving economies of scale through FDI in neighbouring countries, linking them with GVC
Moving to higher tier through targeting new/upcoming (niche) marketsFinding the right buyerOffering quality assuranceShifting to premium product (organic, environmentally friendly etc.)
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Risks involved in these strategies
Source: UNCTAD, 2007
Benefits do not come without risks
•Higher dependency on buyers•Higher volatility of orders•Higher vulnerability to changing trends and competitive situation•Increased fragility of local production structures
Solution: trading down?
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Case study: exporting „sustainable“ products
Source: UNCTAD, 2007
•Recent trend in IC markets: environmentally friendly products and processes•Strategic option for African producers: occupy niche markets •Major tool: join forces to comply with IC customer requests •Methods:
•benchmarking like SA 8000 standard•SPIES
•Strategy option: implement own standards if market power permits
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Case study: exporting „sustainable“ products
Checklist for potential exportersFirst, they should assess the current situation in which they operate and answer the following questions:
What are the priority environmental and social issues for the sector (e.g. hazards, labour, resources, pollution)?
What are the major barriers to resolving these problems (e.g. finance, technology, information, government policy, skills etc.)?
What are the examples of good practice that already exist in the sector?
Second, they should ask the following questions to help them design a suitable response strategy:
??How can the sector develop a strategic approach - and who needs to be involved?
How can the sector assess the costs and benefits of social and environmental improvements?
How can the sector achieve market recognition for its performance?
How can the sector identify new market niches and business partners?
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Conclusions
• Sustainability is a multifacetted concept• With regard to export promotion it has two dimensions:
organizational and economic sustainability• Business survive on economic sustainability• Sustainability in the business sector is synonymous with
permanent competitiveness• Competitveness can best be reached by ongoing innovation• Exports can be important innovation drivers if „trading up“
happens • Networks play a major role in export promotion, both as peer
group and as vertical GVC• Upgrading in GVC should be the target of African exporters in
order to stay sustainable
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Unused export potential of Southern African countries
Current exports and export potential of Zambia to its main markets (USD million unless specified)
Exporter Rank Importer Rank Sector
Current Exports 2002-2003
share in ZMB 's
exports of sector, in
%
Relative Trade Potential
Total FDI outward
stock 2003
Zambia 6 Japan 12 Food, beverages and tobacco 0 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 8 China 2 Agriculture and hunting 1.315 1,7% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 9 Malawi 8 Metal and metal products 290 0,1% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 10 India TOTAL 16.789 2,1% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 10 India 3 Metal and metal products 849 0,1% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 11 Zimbabwe TOTAL 15.434 1,9% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 11 Zimbabwe 1 Metal and metal products 5.446 1,0% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 12 Netherlands 2 Metal and metal products 3.488 0,6% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 15 Germany TOTAL 9.607 1,2% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 15 Germany 3 Metal and metal products 336 0,1% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 18 United States TOTAL 6.873 0,9% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 18 United States 1 Metal and metal products 4.384 0,8% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 18 United States 2 Agriculture and hunting 835 1,1% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 18 United States 4 Textiles, clothing and leather 252 0,8% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 18 United States 5 Machinery and equipment 231 1,1% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 18 United States 8 Other manufacturing 139 1,8% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 18 United States 9 Electrical and electronic equipment 38 0,5% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 18 United States 11 Food, beverages and tobacco 22 0,1% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 20 France TOTAL 4.887 0,6% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 20 France 3 Metal and metal products 648 0,1% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 20 France 4 Agriculture and hunting 514 0,7% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 22 Kenya TOTAL 4.467 0,6% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 22 Kenya 1 Metal and metal products 3.748 0,7% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 24Hong Kong, China
TOTAL 3.861 0,5% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 24Hong Kong, China
3 Metal and metal products 438 0,1% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 25 Italy TOTAL 3.455 0,4% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 25 Italy 2 Metal and metal products 1.244 0,2% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 25 Italy 3 Agriculture and hunting 95 0,1% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 25 Italy 5 Food, beverages and tobacco 44 0,1% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Zambia 29Russian Federation
TOTAL 1.338 0,2% 5. High untapped trade potential .
Sopurce: ITC
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Unused export potential of Southern African countries
Current exports and export potential of South Africa to its main markets (USD million unless specified)
Exporter Rank Importer Rank SectorCurrent Exports
2002-2003
share in ZAF 's
exports of sector, in
%
Relative Trade PotentialTotal FDI outward
stock 2003
Share in Total FDI Outstock,
in %
Tariff applied by importer,
in %
South Africa 1 United States TOTAL 3.547.392 11,8% 5. High untapped trade potential 2.249 11,5%
South Africa 1 United States 2 Motor vehicles and other transport equipment 576.453 17,4% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
South Africa 1 United States 3 Chemicals and chemical products 351.172 15,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
South Africa 1 United States 5 Textiles, clothing and leather 228.463 28,7% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
South Africa 1 United States 6 Machinery and equipment 210.137 10,2% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
South Africa 1 United States 7 Other manufacturing 175.451 15,9% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
South Africa 1 United States 8 Food, beverages and tobacco 109.322 5,6% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
South Africa 1 United States 9 Coke, petroleum products and nuclear fuel 62.988 8,3% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
South Africa 1 United States 10 Agriculture and hunting 59.526 4,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
South Africa 1 United States 11 Wood and wood products 55.280 4,7% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
South Africa 1 United States 12 Rubber and plastic products 37.470 8,7% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
South Africa 1 United States 13 Electrical and electronic equipment 34.614 4,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
South Africa 1 United States 14 Non-metallic mineral products 23.460 8,9% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
South Africa 6 Italy 7 Chemicals and chemical products 27.947 1,2% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
South Africa 6 Italy 10 Motor vehicles and other transport equipment 13.748 0,4% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
South Africa 11 China TOTAL 866.011 2,9% 5. High untapped trade potential 0 0,0%
South Africa 11 China 6 Machinery and equipment 21.130 1,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 5 to 10%
South Africa 11 China 10 Agriculture and hunting 8.447 0,6% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 5 to 10%
South Africa 12 Spain 2 Metal and metal products 91.715 1,2% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
South Africa 13 France 3 Metal and metal products 108.011 1,4% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
South Africa 15 Australia 2 Metal and metal products 74.261 1,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 5 to 10%
South Africa 20Hong Kong, China
TOTAL 418.470 1,4% 5. High untapped trade potential 377 1,9%
South Africa 20Hong Kong, China
1 Metal and metal products 124.083 1,6% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
South Africa 26 Canada TOTAL 241.293 0,8% 5. High untapped trade potential 9 0,0%
South Africa 26 Canada 1 Metal and metal products 74.540 1,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
South Africa 26 Canada 7 Motor vehicles and other transport equipment 10.836 0,3% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
South Africa 28 Thailand TOTAL 226.828 0,8% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
South Africa 29 Singapore TOTAL 207.796 0,7% 5. High untapped trade potential 29 0,1%
South Africa 29 Singapore 4 Metal and metal products 27.527 0,4% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
South Africa 30 Malaysia TOTAL 199.213 0,7% 5. High untapped trade potential 0 0,0%
South Africa 30 Malaysia 1 Metal and metal products 64.962 0,9% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 5 to 10%
South Africa 30 Malaysia 7 Motor vehicles and other transport equipment 9.276 0,3% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 25 to 30%
Sopurce: ITC
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Unused export potential of Southern African countries
Sopurce: ITC
Current exports and export potential of United Republic of Tanzania to its main markets (USD million unless specified)
Exporter Rank Importer Rank SectorCurrent Exports
2002-2003
share in TZA 's
exports of sector, in
%
Relative Trade PotentialTotal FDI outward
stock 2003
Share in Total FDI Outstock,
in %
Tariff applied by importer,
in %
UR Tanzania 2 Japan 3 Food, beverages and tobacco 5.433 3,4% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 5 to 10%
UR Tanzania 2 Japan 8 Forestry and Fishing (products) 81 0,7% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
UR Tanzania 3 France 3 Agriculture and hunting 3.053 1,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
UR Tanzania 4 India 7 Metal and metal products 543 0,2% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 30 to 35%
UR Tanzania 4 India 9 Food, beverages and tobacco 197 0,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 35 to 40%
UR Tanzania 6 Kenya 11 Metal and metal products 352 0,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 20 to 25%
UR Tanzania 7 Belgium 10 Metal and metal products 27 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
UR Tanzania 8 Germany 2 Food, beverages and tobacco 3.962 2,5% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
UR Tanzania 8 Germany 5 Metal and metal products 323 0,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
UR Tanzania 11 Italy TOTAL 20.395 2,2% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
UR Tanzania 11 Italy 2 Agriculture and hunting 3.605 1,2% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
UR Tanzania 11 Italy 12 Metal and metal products 24 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
UR Tanzania 13 United States TOTAL 16.409 1,8% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
UR Tanzania 13 United States 1 Agriculture and hunting 5.134 1,7% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
UR Tanzania 13 United States 2 Food, beverages and tobacco 3.203 2,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
UR Tanzania 13 United States 3 Other manufacturing 2.951 12,3% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
UR Tanzania 13 United States 6 Textiles, clothing and leather 1.252 5,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
UR Tanzania 13 United States 9 Motor vehicles and other transport equipment 49 0,7% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
UR Tanzania 13 United States 10 Metal and metal products 14 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
UR Tanzania 15Hong Kong, China
TOTAL 12.419 1,3% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
UR Tanzania 15Hong Kong, China
2 Agriculture and hunting 1.173 0,4% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
UR Tanzania 15Hong Kong, China
6 Metal and metal products 89 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
UR Tanzania 16 Spain TOTAL 11.845 1,3% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
UR Tanzania 16 Spain 2 Agriculture and hunting 4.808 1,6% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
UR Tanzania 18 Saudi Arabia TOTAL 9.378 1,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
UR Tanzania 18 Saudi Arabia 2 Agriculture and hunting 2.090 0,7% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 5 to 10%
UR Tanzania 18 Saudi Arabia 5 Food, beverages and tobacco 280 0,2% 5. High untapped trade potential . . > 50%
UR Tanzania 19 Singapore 5 Metal and metal products 29 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
UR Tanzania 23 China TOTAL 7.277 0,8% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
UR Tanzania 23 China 2 Agriculture and hunting 2.363 0,8% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 5 to 10%
UR Tanzania 23 China 3 Food, beverages and tobacco 589 0,4% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 20 to 25%
UR Tanzania 23 China 13 Metal and metal products 8 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 5 to 10%
UR Tanzania 24 Indonesia 5 Metal and metal products 23 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 5 to 10%
UR Tanzania 25 Thailand TOTAL 6.319 0,7% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
UR Tanzania 25 Thailand 4 Metal and metal products 458 0,2% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 15 to 20%
UR Tanzania 27 Greece 3 Agriculture and hunting 261 0,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
UR Tanzania 30Russian Federation
TOTAL 3.657 0,4% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
UR Tanzania 30Russian Federation
2 Food, beverages and tobacco 353 0,2% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 25 to 30%
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Unused export potential of Southern African countries
Sopurce: ITC
Current exports and export potential of Namibia to its main markets (USD million unless specified)
Exporter Rank Importer Rank SectorCurrent Exports
2002-2003
share in NAM 's
exports of sector, in
%
Relative Trade PotentialTotal FDI outward
stock 2003
Share in Total FDI Outstock,
in %
Tariff applied by importer,
in %
Namibia 3 United Kingdom TOTAL 223.616 16,4% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Namibia 3 United Kingdom 2 Food, beverages and tobacco 15.242 3,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Namibia 3 United Kingdom 12 Metal and metal products 38 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Namibia 3 United Kingdom 15 Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media 7 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Namibia 5 France 3 Food, beverages and tobacco 9.134 1,9% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Namibia 6 United States TOTAL 55.469 4,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Namibia 6 United States 4 Coke, petroleum products and nuclear fuel 8.180 9,9% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Namibia 6 United States 5 Food, beverages and tobacco 7.808 1,6% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Namibia 6 United States 7 Other manufacturing 312 1,5% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Namibia 6 United States 8 Motor vehicles and other transport equipment 276 0,7% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Namibia 6 United States 10 Agriculture and hunting 99 0,2% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Namibia 6 United States 12 Electrical and electronic equipment 39 0,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Namibia 6 United States 13 Machinery and equipment 34 0,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Namibia 6 United States 15 Rubber and plastic products 20 0,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Namibia 7 Italy TOTAL 26.252 1,9% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Namibia 7 Italy 1 Food, beverages and tobacco 15.906 3,3% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Namibia 7 Italy 5 Agriculture and hunting 301 0,5% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Namibia 9 Germany TOTAL 21.123 1,6% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Namibia 9 Germany 1 Food, beverages and tobacco 7.832 1,6% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Namibia 9 Germany 5 Metal and metal products 957 1,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Namibia 9 Germany 11 Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media 181 0,2% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Namibia 10 Canada 7 Food, beverages and tobacco 48 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 15 to 20%
Namibia 12 Japan TOTAL 14.454 1,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Namibia 12 Japan 1 Food, beverages and tobacco 14.120 2,9% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 5 to 10%
Namibia 12 Japan 3 Forestry and Fishing (products) 63 0,3% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Namibia 12 Japan 6 Coke, petroleum products and nuclear fuel 9 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . > 50%
Namibia 12 Japan 13 Agriculture and hunting 0 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Namibia 13 China TOTAL 14.322 1,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Namibia 13 China 2 Food, beverages and tobacco 4.479 0,9% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 20 to 25%
Namibia 13 China 4 Agriculture and hunting 427 0,7% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 5 to 10%
Namibia 18Russian Federation
TOTAL 5.344 0,4% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Namibia 18Russian Federation
1 Food, beverages and tobacco 3.198 0,7% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 25 to 30%
Namibia 19 Australia TOTAL 5.088 0,4% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Namibia 19 Australia 14 Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media 0 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Namibia 20 Belgium TOTAL 4.983 0,4% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Namibia 20 Belgium 2 Food, beverages and tobacco 2.163 0,4% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Namibia 21 Switzerland TOTAL 4.014 0,3% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Namibia 22 Portugal TOTAL 3.310 0,2% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Namibia 24 Nigeria TOTAL 2.451 0,2% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Namibia 24 Nigeria 1 Food, beverages and tobacco 1.869 0,4% 5. High untapped trade potential . . > 50%
Namibia 25Republic of Korea
TOTAL 2.253 0,2% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Namibia 25Republic of Korea
2 Food, beverages and tobacco 344 0,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 35 to 40%
Namibia 26Hong Kong, China
TOTAL 2.062 0,2% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Namibia 26Hong Kong, China
1 Food, beverages and tobacco 1.923 0,4% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Namibia 28 India TOTAL 1.679 0,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Namibia 28 India 6 Food, beverages and tobacco 14 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 35 to 40%
Namibia 29 Zambia TOTAL 1.679 0,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Namibia 30 Saudi Arabia TOTAL 1.678 0,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Namibia 30 Saudi Arabia 6 Food, beverages and tobacco 0 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . > 50%
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Unused export potential of Southern African countries
Sopurce: ITC
Current exports and export potential of Malawi to its main markets (USD million unless specified)
Exporter Rank Importer Rank SectorCurrent Exports
2002-2003
share in MWI 's
exports of sector, in
%
Relative Trade PotentialTotal FDI outward
stock 2003
Share in Total FDI Outstock,
in %
Tariff applied by importer,
in %
Malawi 3 Germany 2 Food, beverages and tobacco 260 0,4% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Malawi 3 Germany 10 Textiles, clothing and leather 7 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Malawi 4 United Kingdom 4 Textiles, clothing and leather 252 0,7% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Malawi 5 Japan 2 Food, beverages and tobacco 85 0,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 5 to 10%
Malawi 5 Japan 12 Textiles, clothing and leather 0 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Malawi 7 Egypt 2 Food, beverages and tobacco 562 0,8% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Malawi 9Russian Federation
2 Food, beverages and tobacco 106 0,2% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 25 to 30%
Malawi 12 France 2 Agriculture and hunting 3.519 1,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Malawi 13 Spain TOTAL 7.963 1,8% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Malawi 13 Spain 1 Agriculture and hunting 5.328 1,7% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Malawi 18 Zimbabwe TOTAL 4.889 1,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Malawi 18 Zimbabwe 1 Agriculture and hunting 2.711 0,9% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Malawi 18 Zimbabwe 2 Food, beverages and tobacco 676 1,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Malawi 18 Zimbabwe 5 Textiles, clothing and leather 122 0,3% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Malawi 21 Zambia 1 Agriculture and hunting 1.690 0,5% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Malawi 22 Italy TOTAL 4.425 1,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Malawi 22 Italy 1 Agriculture and hunting 3.600 1,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Malawi 22 Italy 2 Food, beverages and tobacco 619 0,9% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Malawi 22 Italy 4 Textiles, clothing and leather 39 0,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Malawi 23 Australia 2 Food, beverages and tobacco 15 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . > 50%
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Unused export potential of Southern African countries
Sopurce: ITC
Current exports and export potential of Botswana to its main markets (USD million unless specified)
Note: trade with SACU countries, such as South-Africa or Namibia might not be fully captured. Hence, indicators should be interpreted with care
Exporter Rank Importer Rank SectorCurrent Exports
2002-2003
share in BWA 's
exports of sector, in
%
Relative Trade PotentialTotal FDI outward
stock 2003
Share in Total FDI Outstock,
in %
Tariff applied by importer,
in %
Botswana 3 Thailand TOTAL 77.491 4,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Botswana 5 United States TOTAL 21.890 1,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Botswana 5 United States 4 Metal and metal products 57 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Botswana 5 United States 11 Food, beverages and tobacco 0 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Botswana 5 United States 12 Electrical and electronic equipment 0 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Botswana 7 Japan TOTAL 10.240 0,5% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Botswana 8 Germany TOTAL 7.471 0,4% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Botswana 10 Italy TOTAL 4.111 0,2% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Botswana 15 France TOTAL 2.529 0,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Botswana 16 South Africa TOTAL 2.030 0,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Botswana 16 South Africa 5 Food, beverages and tobacco 4 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . . 0 to 5%
Botswana 18 China TOTAL 1.086 0,1% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Botswana 19 Spain TOTAL 855 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Botswana 20Republic of Korea
TOTAL 449 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Botswana 21 Netherlands TOTAL 430 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Botswana 23 Poland TOTAL 355 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Botswana 24 Pakistan TOTAL 324 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Botswana 26 Saudi Arabia TOTAL 215 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Botswana 27 Ireland TOTAL 142 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Botswana 28 Czech Republic TOTAL 121 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Botswana 29 Algeria TOTAL 114 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
Botswana 30 Austria TOTAL 107 0,0% 5. High untapped trade potential . .
4.04 Business Development and Infrastructure: Trade Africa - Training in Export Promotion
Cologne University of Applied Sciences / Fachhochschule Köln Faculty of Economics and Business Administration/ Fak 04
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit
Sources
• OECD (2004): Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development: Programme and Policy Recommendations
• Hemmer, H.R. (2002): Wirtschaftsprobleme der Entwicklungsländer, 3. Auflage• UNCTAD (2007): The Least Developed Countries Report• Porter, M.E. (2004): Competitive Strategy, First Free Press Export Edition• Rugman,A./Collinson, S.(2006): International Business, 4th ed.• Sandee, H./ Ibrahim, B. (2002): Evaluation of SME Trade and Export Promotion
in Indonesia, ADB Background Report• UNESCAP (2001): Enhancing Export Opportunities Through Environmentally
Sound Business Development, Studies in Trade and Environment No. 44
top related