cold war tensions rise living on the edge 1949-1960
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Cold War Tensions RiseCold War Tensions Rise
Living on the Edge 1949-1960Living on the Edge 1949-1960
Race for the H-BombRace for the H-Bomb
Russia launches A-bomb Russia launches A-bomb (1949)(1949)
US must up it one better US must up it one better H- Bomb (Thermonuclear) H- Bomb (Thermonuclear)
(1950)(1950)10.4 Million tons of TNT (A-bomb = 10.4 Million tons of TNT (A-bomb =
15,000 tons)15,000 tons)Differences (Fusion versus Fission)Differences (Fusion versus Fission)
Soviet Union explode Soviet Union explode thermonuclear device in 1953thermonuclear device in 1953
BrinkmanshipBrinkmanship Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight D. Eisenhower
President 1953-1961President 1953-1961 Secretary of State John Foster DullesSecretary of State John Foster Dulles
Compromise with Communists immoralCompromise with Communists immoral Keep peace and contain Communism by going to the “Brink of Keep peace and contain Communism by going to the “Brink of
War”War” Greater Dependence on Nuclear Weapons and BombersGreater Dependence on Nuclear Weapons and Bombers
Soviets answer with more of the sameSoviets answer with more of the same Arms Race with SovietsArms Race with Soviets
CIACIA
Central Intelligence Agency Created Central Intelligence Agency Created Covert activity to match KGB of Soviet Covert activity to match KGB of Soviet
UnionUnionSpies sent to gather information on Spies sent to gather information on
Soviet operationsSoviet operationsSecret Operations to overthrow Secret Operations to overthrow
governments unfriendly to U.S.governments unfriendly to U.S.
Iran – 1951-1953Iran – 1951-1953 Prime Minister Mohammed Prime Minister Mohammed
Mossadegh Mossadegh Opposed to British ImperialismOpposed to British Imperialism Nationalized Oil IndustryNationalized Oil Industry US fears of oil shortages to Post War Europe and JapanUS fears of oil shortages to Post War Europe and Japan
CIA covertly ousted Mohammed Mossadegh CIA covertly ousted Mohammed Mossadegh Fear Mossadegh was working with Coimmunist Tudeh Fear Mossadegh was working with Coimmunist Tudeh
PartyParty Replace with Shah Reza PahlaviReplace with Shah Reza Pahlavi US Companies take over oil indusrtyUS Companies take over oil indusrty Iranian people suffer under repression of Shah and US Iranian people suffer under repression of Shah and US
economic policieseconomic policies Iranian Revolution 1979 – Ayatollah Khomeni Iranian Revolution 1979 – Ayatollah Khomeni
comes to power (Nationalist, Anti Western Cleric)comes to power (Nationalist, Anti Western Cleric) US seeks new Ally in Saddam Hussein in IraqUS seeks new Ally in Saddam Hussein in Iraq
Guatemala - 1954Guatemala - 1954 Jacobo Arbenz Guzman elected presidentJacobo Arbenz Guzman elected president
Nationalizes land owned by American Fruit Nationalizes land owned by American Fruit CompaniesCompanies
Gives land to Guatemalan PeasantsGives land to Guatemalan Peasants Suspected of being a CommunistSuspected of being a Communist
Really just want land back (Allen Dulles CIA chief and Really just want land back (Allen Dulles CIA chief and Stock holder United Fruit Company)Stock holder United Fruit Company)
CIA Trained Army in Honduras against ArbenzCIA Trained Army in Honduras against ArbenzDictator Carlos Castillo Armas take over countryDictator Carlos Castillo Armas take over countryReturns land to US Fruit CompanyReturns land to US Fruit CompanyEventually Armas and CIA form Death SquadsEventually Armas and CIA form Death Squads
100,000 die100,000 die Peasants turn to drug trade because left on poor Peasants turn to drug trade because left on poor
soilsoil CIA uses drug money to help support dictatorsCIA uses drug money to help support dictators
KhrushchevKhrushchevNikita Khrushchev becomes new Nikita Khrushchev becomes new
Soviet PremierSoviet PremierDenounces Stalin’s actionsDenounces Stalin’s actionsEastern European Nations see as Eastern European Nations see as
softening of Soviet Resolvesoftening of Soviet ResolveKhrushchev’s position still unstableKhrushchev’s position still unstable
Must put down any potential threats to Soviet Must put down any potential threats to Soviet SphereSphere
Must not appear weak against the WestMust not appear weak against the WestEventually becomes more aggressive than Eventually becomes more aggressive than
Stalin Stalin
Summit in Geneva - July 1955Summit in Geneva - July 1955 Stalin Dies in 1953 – Tensions easeStalin Dies in 1953 – Tensions ease Summit Between Soviets and EisenhowerSummit Between Soviets and Eisenhower
First meeting since WWIIFirst meeting since WWII ““Spirit of Geneva”Spirit of Geneva”
Soviets recognize West Germany, Austria and JapanSoviets recognize West Germany, Austria and JapanEisenhower calls for “Open Skies”Eisenhower calls for “Open Skies”
Prevent surprise attacks by Nuclear WeaponsPrevent surprise attacks by Nuclear Weapons
NATO rearms Germany – Destroys peace NATO rearms Germany – Destroys peace Soviets form Warsaw Pact in reactionSoviets form Warsaw Pact in reaction Reject “Open Skies”Reject “Open Skies” Nothing AccomplishedNothing Accomplished
IsraelIsraelPalestine partitioned in 1948Palestine partitioned in 1948
United Nations ResolutionUnited Nations ResolutionHolocaust Survivors, RefugeesHolocaust Survivors, Refugees
US, Soviets approveUS, Soviets approveNo one asks PalestiniansNo one asks Palestinians
US sees Israel as ally in Middle EastUS sees Israel as ally in Middle EastBulwark against CommunismBulwark against CommunismUS Military Aid used to expand territory US Military Aid used to expand territory
and fight against Arab neighbors (Egypt)and fight against Arab neighbors (Egypt)$3.1 Billion annually including Nuclear $3.1 Billion annually including Nuclear
ArsenalArsenal
Egypt and Aswan Dam Egypt and Aswan Dam Gamal Abdel Nasser Gamal Abdel Nasser
Nationalized Suez Canal (British and French)Nationalized Suez Canal (British and French) Closed to traffic – Tolls to build DamClosed to traffic – Tolls to build Dam
Israel, France, Britain threaten warIsrael, France, Britain threaten war Invade Egypt (UN and US denounce)Invade Egypt (UN and US denounce) Nasser asks US for aid -Denied Nasser asks US for aid -Denied Turn to SovietsTurn to Soviets
Soviets Threaten to use missiles vs UK troopsSoviets Threaten to use missiles vs UK troops US countersUS counters
UN resolution UN resolution Egypt reopens canal 1957Egypt reopens canal 1957
US and Soviets both secretly give Nasser aid US and Soviets both secretly give Nasser aid Nasser become hero – Pan Arabism (Anti-Israel, Anti Nasser become hero – Pan Arabism (Anti-Israel, Anti
West)West) Unites oppostionUnites oppostion
Hungarian Revolt - Oct. 1956Hungarian Revolt - Oct. 1956 Khrushchev seen as less menacing than Khrushchev seen as less menacing than
StalinStalin Eastern European countries demand more Eastern European countries demand more
independence from Soviet controlindependence from Soviet control Demand free elections, libertiesDemand free elections, liberties Imre Nagy Reformer elected Imre Nagy Reformer elected Soviet Army leaves Hungary Soviet Army leaves Hungary
Hungarian Revolt Hungarian Revolt Hungarians threaten to leave Warsaw PactHungarians threaten to leave Warsaw Pact Soviets roll in tanks (30,000 killed)Soviets roll in tanks (30,000 killed) US sends aid onlyUS sends aid only Eisenhower now seen as all bark no bite (Failure of Eisenhower now seen as all bark no bite (Failure of
Brinkmanship – all or nothing Egypt, Hungary)Brinkmanship – all or nothing Egypt, Hungary)
Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine Soviet prestige raised among Arab world Soviet prestige raised among Arab world
due to aid to Nasserdue to aid to Nasser Middle East becomes Cold War TheaterMiddle East becomes Cold War Theater
US vs USSR (Israel, Iran vs Syria, Egypt, Palestine)US vs USSR (Israel, Iran vs Syria, Egypt, Palestine)
Both sides dump Billions of $ in Military Both sides dump Billions of $ in Military Aid into regionAid into region Competition in Third World (Hearts and Minds)Competition in Third World (Hearts and Minds) Eisenhower vows to defend Middle East against Eisenhower vows to defend Middle East against
Communist Threat (Containment)Communist Threat (Containment) Leads to support of dictators (Shah) and ends Leads to support of dictators (Shah) and ends
peace in region (New Era of Imperialism)peace in region (New Era of Imperialism)
Science and TechnologyScience and Technology Cold War strategies turn to new innovations to Cold War strategies turn to new innovations to
win the warwin the war Cheaper than conventional Cheaper than conventional
militariesmilitaries Eisenhower – Republican Eisenhower – Republican
(Reduce Taxes)(Reduce Taxes)
Scientific Development Budgets soar on both sidesScientific Development Budgets soar on both sides Military Industrial Complex – US (52% vs. 26% WWII)Military Industrial Complex – US (52% vs. 26% WWII) Destroys Soviet EconomyDestroys Soviet Economy
Bomber, Missile Gaps and the Space RaceBomber, Missile Gaps and the Space Race Competition to build the best means to destroy the Competition to build the best means to destroy the
other sideother side B-52s, Multiple Warheads, ICBMs, Titan SubsB-52s, Multiple Warheads, ICBMs, Titan Subs
Sputnik – Oct 1957Sputnik – Oct 1957 Soviets launch first man-made satellite into Soviets launch first man-made satellite into
spacespace Fear US was falling behind Soviets Fear US was falling behind Soviets Technology GapTechnology Gap
US schools beef up science and math US schools beef up science and math
programsprograms Soviets could now launch warheads at US targets Soviets could now launch warheads at US targets
No one safe – Anxiety about Nuclear HolocuastNo one safe – Anxiety about Nuclear Holocuast Duck and CoverDuck and Cover Bomb SheltersBomb Shelters
US attempts initially fail (embarrassment)US attempts initially fail (embarrassment) NASA created to build successful rocket ($billions)NASA created to build successful rocket ($billions) Finally launch in Jan 1958Finally launch in Jan 1958
U-2 Spy Flights – 1955 - 1960U-2 Spy Flights – 1955 - 1960CIA begins high altitude flight CIA begins high altitude flight
missions over Soviet Unionmissions over Soviet UnionAerial photography of Soviet Missile sitesAerial photography of Soviet Missile sites““Open Skies” rejected at GenevaOpen Skies” rejected at GenevaFlights in stratosphere – Beyond reach of Flights in stratosphere – Beyond reach of
Radar, Soviet planes and anti-aircraftRadar, Soviet planes and anti-aircraftViolation of the “Spirit of Geneva”Violation of the “Spirit of Geneva”
US violated UN resolution against illegal US violated UN resolution against illegal flights over national air spaceflights over national air space
Done covertlyDone covertly
Francis “Gary” Powers – May Francis “Gary” Powers – May 19601960
Powers enters Soviet Air SpacePowers enters Soviet Air Space Shot down by Soviet pilot Shot down by Soviet pilot
Soviet technology more advanced than US suspectedSoviet technology more advanced than US suspectedUS lies about missionUS lies about mission
Weather experimentsWeather experiments Pilot lost in stormPilot lost in storm
Khrushchev claims Soviet Missile brings down Khrushchev claims Soviet Missile brings down pilot pilot
Exaggerates capabilities of Soviet Missile DefensesExaggerates capabilities of Soviet Missile Defenses
Powers capturedPowers captured Failed to take cyanideFailed to take cyanide Interrogated by KGB Interrogated by KGB
Reveals secrets about missionReveals secrets about missionEventually traded for Soviet Spy held by USEventually traded for Soviet Spy held by US
Khrushchev Denounces Khrushchev Denounces EisenhowerEisenhower Eisenhower forced to admit authorization of Eisenhower forced to admit authorization of
U-2 MissionU-2 Mission Seen as an aggressor to Soviet UnionSeen as an aggressor to Soviet Union UN denounces US actionsUN denounces US actions
Leads to US negative attitude toward UNLeads to US negative attitude toward UN
Khrushchev also seen as weakKhrushchev also seen as weak Revealed that missions had been going on since Revealed that missions had been going on since
19551955 Hard liners in Communist Party call him weakHard liners in Communist Party call him weak Forces more aggressive stance on part of SovietsForces more aggressive stance on part of Soviets
Cold War Heats UpCold War Heats Up 1960s open with even more aggressive actions by 1960s open with even more aggressive actions by
both sides in Cold Warboth sides in Cold War
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