coastal ecosystem-based mitigation an overview · (eliasch review 2008)! teeb 2010!"! oceans...

COASTAL ECOSYSTEM-BASED MITIGATION AN OVERVIEW "

Jerker Tamelander, Manager - Oceans and Climate Change, IUCN Global Marine and Polar Programme"Dorothée Herr, Programme Officer, IUCN Global Marine and Polar Programme !Steve Crooks, Phillip Williams & Associates Ltd.!Dan Laffoley, Marine Vice Chair, IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas !Carlos Duarte, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB)!

www.iucn.org!

International Union for Conservation of Nature!

TEEB 2010!

Tropical forests store a fourth of all terrestrial carbon!

Capture 4.8 Gt CO2 annually, or a sixth of emissions!

“Halving deforestation generates net benefits of about USD 3.7 trillion including only the avoided damage costs of climate change “

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !(Eliasch Review 2008)!

!"TEEB 2010!

Oceans cover 71% of Earthʼs surface !

Providing food, livelihoods, trade, protection, enjoyment!

Climate regulation: !

!=> currents, sea ice, evaporation, clouds!!=> store most of the sunʼs energy, act as a heat buffer !!=> absorb 50% of atmospheric CO2 every year !

© NASA!

Nature-based solutions!Cost-effective, economic, scalable and safe approaches on land!

What about the “climate wedge” of marine and coastal ecosystems? !

© J Tamelander / IUCN!

The Management of Natural Coastal Carbon SinksEdited by Dan Laffoley and Gabriel GrimsditchNovember 2009

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WB, IUCN and ESA PWA !

8-page brief released at UNFCCC CoP 16, Cancun, November 2010!

Full report to be released in February 2011!

Capturing and conservingnatural coastal carbonBuilding mitigation, advancing adaptation

November 2010

Photo: D. Laffoley/IUCN

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Carbon burial and ecosystem area!

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GHG balance in coastal ecosystems!

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Source: UNEP/GRID-Arendal !

Sources: Crooks et al in press; Rojstazcer and Deverel 1993, 1995, Deverel and Leighton 2010. NASA MODIS!

Emissions from delta conversion!

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A t l a n t i cO c e a n

A r c t i c O c e a n

I n d i a nO c e a n

P a c i! cO c e a n

P a c i! cO c e a n

Sources: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre; FAO 2007. 0

2

4

6

8

Africa

Asia

Oceania

SouthAmerica

1980

2005Loss

North andCentral America

Million ha

Clearance of 35,000 km2 mangrove between 1980 and 2005 has resulted in continuing annual release of 0.175 giga tons CO2 per year !

Map: UNEP/GRID-Arendal, UNEP-WCMC, FAO !

The total global seagrass area has been reduced by !

!at least 29%, or !

!51,000 km2 !

Rate of loss increased by an order of magnitude in past 40 years !

(Waycott et al 2009) !

© J Tamelander / IUCN!

TEEB Recommendations!

“It is usually cheaper to avoid degradation than to pay for restoration, but both are relevant in the context of climate change“!

=> Mitigation policy needs to reflect biodiversity costs and benefits!

=> Adaptation finance needs to consider the compelling economics of using ecosystem restoration!

=> Ecosystem conservation and restoration should be evaluated and pursued in support of mitigation and adaptation!

Blue carbon offsets!

Mangroves for Fiji: Participating businesses aim at completely offsetting their carbon emissions by planting mangroves !

WetCarbon / Danone Fund for Nature CSR programme!

•  Mangrove replanting offset demonstration project in Senegal!•  Project pipeline - CDM or VCS standards !

Obstacles !

Some science gaps !

Lack of simple and specific carbon accounting protocols!

Shortcomings in international and national policy frameworks!

Lack of financial incentives !

Research!

Quantification and mapping of carbon pools and flux in coastal and marine environments!

Impact of land use and management on carbon pools and flux!

Economic and socioeconomic analyses!

Offshore/pelagic systems and processes !

© J Tamelander / IUCN!

Offshore carbon pools and sinks!

Fish: 15.4% of new CaCO3 production in surface ocean !

Benthic echinoderms: more CaCO3 to permanent sinks than forams!

Whales: population decline of >90% has reduced carbon in standing biomass and carbon sinking through whale falls !

© J Tamelander / IUCN!

Methodologies!

RAE / National Blue Ribbon Panel: Action Plan for the development of a greenhouse gas offset protocol for tidal wetlands restoration and management!

IUCN, Ramsar Convention, Danone Fund for Nature: “Afforestation and reforestation of degraded tidal forest habitats” draft methodology submitted to the CDM board!

=> towards amended IPCC guidance and guidelines that encompass coastal wetlands including soil carbon!

Findings of the National Blue Ribbon Panelon the Development of a Greenhouse Gas O!set Protocol for Tidal Wetlands Restoration and Management

Based on a workshop convened by Restore America’s Estuaries and held April 12-13, 2010

Prepared by Restore America’s Estuaries, Philip Williams & Associates, Ltd., and Science Applications International Corporation.

August 2010

Findings of the National Blue Ribbon Panelon the Development of a Greenhouse Gas O!set Protocol for Tidal Wetlands Restoration and Management

Based on a workshop convened by Restore America’s Estuaries and held April 12-13, 2010

Prepared by Restore America’s Estuaries, Philip Williams & Associates, Ltd., and Science Applications International Corporation.

August 2010

Findings of the National Blue Ribbon Panelon the Development of a Greenhouse Gas O!set Protocol for Tidal Wetlands Restoration and Management

Based on a workshop convened by Restore America’s Estuaries and held April 12-13, 2010

Prepared by Restore America’s Estuaries, Philip Williams & Associates, Ltd., and Science Applications International Corporation.

August 2010

Policy opportunities!

Create incentives for restoration or disincentives to drain/damage coastal wetlands within UNFCCC !

SBSTA: Expand work program!

“KP II”: Include coastal wetlands in ʻwetland managementʼ, enable LULUCF CDM projects!

Develop a financial, REDD-like coastal mechanism, including incentives for soil-based carbon storage and sequestration !

© J Tamelander / IUCN!

Policy opportunities!

Include conservation and management of coastal wetlands in NAMAs and REDD+ strategies, plans and measures!

US national legislation !

Clean Energy Partnerships Act 2009: inclusion of “wetlands” and “vegetated marine coastal habitats” under eligible offset projects!

American Power Act supports measures to enhance the oceanʼs natural carbon function!

Seagrass!

Coral reefs!

Mangrove!

Salt marsh!

Global Marine and Polar Programme " ""www.iucn.org/marine"

© J Tamelander / IUCN!