coach lill’s

Coach Lill’s

Study Guide for the

Alabama High School Graduation Exam

What is Federalism?

dividing power between state and national governments

Who were Sacco and Vanzetti?

• Two Italian immigrants were accused of robbery and murder in Massachusetts

• Their trial was an event that contributed to the anti-foreign feeling in the 1920s

What are the major results of the Columbian Exchange?

The Columbian Exchange was an exchange of goods, ideas, and customs from Europe to the New World and vice versa

The Europeans brought over horses and farm animals

Europeans took new fruits and vegetables from the New World and cultivated them in Europe

Europeans also brought their diseases to the Native Americans. These Native Americans had no immunity to these diseases, and they died by the millions when exposed to diseases such as smallpox and measles

The more Europeans interacted with Native Americans, the more of the Native American societies destabilized due to disease and conquest by Europeans

Who are Upton Sinclair and Ida Tarbell?

Muckrakers; Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle about meat processing plants and Ida Tarbell wrote History of Standard Oil Company

What is Plessy v. Ferguson?

• Supreme Court decision in this case segregated facilities for blacks and whites

• Segregation was legal

What was Auschwitz?

• Holocaust concentration camp

Explain the significance of the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments to the

Constitution.• 13th: Abolished slavery throughout the United

States

• 14th: guaranteed citizenship rights to all people who born or naturalized in the United States, including people of color

• 15th: guaranteed voting rights to all citizens regardless of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

Explain the significance of the 16th, 17th, 18th and 19th amendments to

the Constitution.16th Amendment- Congress has the power to collect

taxes on businesses and individuals

17th Amendment- a state’s residents, not the state legislatures, elect senators

18th Amendment- prohibited the making, selling, or transporting of alcoholic beverages

19th Amendment- women receive the right to vote

What was the W.P.A.?

Works Progress Administration (WPA) (1935): to provide jobs for unskilled workers. At one time, the WPA employed 1/3 of the unemployed of the nation (3.2 million people). The WPA constructed many government buildings during the 1930s

What was the TVA?

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) (1933): The TVA built hydroelectric dams to bring electricity to new parts of the South, including northern Alabama, and to provide employment and cheap electricity.

Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?

Thomas Jefferson

Who was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army?

George Washington

What is Birmingham known for?

Iron and Steel

What is Mobile known for?

Shipping

What was the Temperance Movement?

advocated total abstinence from alcohol

Who were the Rough Riders?

Theodore Roosevelt’s volunteer force that fought in Cuba during the Spanish American War

What is yellow journalism?

sensational writing with disregard for the truth

What was the Dust Bowl?

the blowing away of huge amounts of soil because of severe drought from the Plains states, causing farm failures occurred during the Depression

What were the causes of the Great Depression?

• workers’ wages did not increase as fast as the price of goods

• consumer spending decreased• the stock market crashed on October 29, 1929• banks foreclosed as people withdrew their crash in

panic• farmers produced more food than consumers needed,

driving down prices• drought in the Midwest caused farms to dry up and

erode

What crop was instrumental in the survival of Jamestown?

• Tobacco

The West and mining

What was the significance of the Battle of Yorktown?

• At Yorktown, Virginia, French naval and army forces under General LaFayette joined forces with General George Washington. Together, they forced the surrender of the British commander, General Cornwallis.

What was D-Day?

• June 6, 1944, the Allies landed on the beaches of Normandy, France

What was Operation Overlord?

• The plan for the invasion of German-occupied France

What was the Open Door Policy?

• An agreement between the United States and European nations to keep China open for free trade

What is Imperialism?

• the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.

Alcohol sales- decided by local governments

What was the Underground Railroad?

• a network of people who helped slaves escape to the North

Who was Harriet Tubman?

• An instrumental figure in the success of the Underground Railroad leading slaves into freedom

What is Marbury v. Madison?

• a landmark case in United States law and the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States, under Article Three of the United States Constitution

What is the Battle of Lexington?

• The beginning of the U.S. Revolutionary War. Also known as “the shot heard around the world”

Who was Joseph Stalin?

• Leader of the Soviet Union during World War II

Guchii- Japan

What was St. Augustine?

• First Spanish colony in the New World

What are the three branches of the U.S. government?

• Legislative, Executive, Judicial

What are checks and balances?

• The system of checks and balances keeps one branch of the government from having too much power.

Who was Booker T. Washington?

• founder of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama; accepted segregation but pushed for equal economic opportunities for blacks

Who was W.E.B. DuBois?

• black intellectual who opposed Booker T. Washington’s acceptance of segregation; a founder of the NAACP and editor of its magazine, The Crisis

What is social darwinism?

• the idea that only the strongest people, businesses, or nations are meant to survive

Who was Archduke Francis Ferdinand?

• Archduke of Austria-Hungary; his assassination was the beginning of World War I

What is Gone with the Wind?

• A popular 1939 movie depicting a story of love and loss in the South ravaged by the Civil War

What is The Wizard of Oz?

•

What is Jazz Singer?

• First motion picture to have people talking in it; a “talkie”

What were the Fireside Chats?

• Franklin Roosevelt’s weekly radio address to the people of the United States

Who was Adolf Hitler?

• dictator of Germany and leader of the Nazi Party who initiated a systematic conquest of Europe, leading to World War II

What is Pearl Harbor?

• United States naval base in Hawaii which suffered a surprise attack by the Japanese on December 7, 1941; United States declared war on Japan and entered World War II

Who were the Tuskegee Airmen?

• group of African American pilots who flew with distinction during World War II as the 332nd Fighter Group of the US Army Air Corps; first African American pilots in the US military

What was the Battle of Little Bighorn?

• “Custer’s Last Stand”; an armed engagement between a Lakota-Northern Cheyenne combined force and the 7th Calvary of the United States Army. It occurred between June 25 and June 26, 1876, near the Little Bighorn River in the eastern Montana Territory.

• The battle was the most famous action of the Indian Wars, and was a remarkable victory for the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne. A sizeable force of U.S. cavalry commanded by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong was defeated;

What was the Battle of Saratoga?

The Continental Army won a stunning victory against a larger British force at Saratoga, New York. Six thousand British troops surrendered to the Patriots. This battle greatly increased the morale of the colonists. In addition, the victory convinced the French king to provide naval and army support for the colonists. This aid proved crucial in winning the war.

Triangular Trade Map

How did the work of Elizabeth Cady Stanton contribute to the

democratic ideals upon which the United States was founded ?

• The United States is founded upon the idea that “all men are created equal.” Elizabeth Cady Stanton believed this applied to women and people of color.

Who is Susan B. Anthony?

• a prominent, independent and well-educated American civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women’s rights movement to secure women’s suffrage in the United States

What is a carpetbagger?

• People who came from the North to do business in the South during Reconstruction

What is a scalawag?

• Southerners who supported Reconstruction

What is significant of the date July 4, 1776?

• July 4, 1776 is the date the 13 colonies declared their independence from Great Britain forming the United States of America

What is Brown vs. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas?

• Supreme Court decision ending segregation. They said “separate but equal” was unconstitutional.

What is Emancipation Proclamation?

• document issued by Lincoln that freed the slaves in the Confederate states

What is the Bessemer Process?

• made steel production efficient and less expensive

What was Valley Forge?

• place where George Washington trained his troops to fight in Revolutionary War; they had to survive a long, harsh winter

Who was Eli Whitney?

• invented the cotton gin and introduced the idea of interchangeable parts

What was the Trail of Tears?

• the journey of thousands of Creek, Cherokee, and Choctaws were forced to leave their homelands in the Southeast and move to Oklahoma (1838). Many died along the way.

What was the Gold Rush?

•

What were the three trail traveled by settlers as they headed West?

• Mormon Trail: from Nauvoo to Salt Lake City, passing through the present-day states of Iowa, Nebraska and Wyoming

• Santa Fe Trail: from Independence to Santa Fe, passing through the present-day states of Kansas and Colorado

• Southern Trail: from Galveston to El Paso, passing through southern Texas

Who was Al Capone?

• a famous mobster who smuggled alcohol during Prohibition

Who were Lewis and Clark?

• they set out form St. Louis to explore Louisiana Purchase to coast of Pacific Ocean

For the following Native Americans groups, name oneplace they lived, what they ate, and what kind of

house they had.

• Aztec: The Aztecs lived in present-day Mexico. They used irrigation in their farming. They lived in adobe homes and had a highly developed civilization, including bridges, pyramids, and pictographic writing.

• Inca: The Incas lived in the Andean mountain chain of South America. They grew potatoes and maize. They used llamas to transport food. They lived in stone buildings and had the most advanced civilization in the New World. They built temples, palaces, fortresses, and a network of irrigation canals.

• Mayan:

Who was Sir Francis Drake?

• First to sail around the world

Nagasaki, Japan

• the Japanese city destroyed on August 9, 1945 by an Allied atomic bomb

Hiroshima in Japan

• the Japanese city destroyed on August 7, 1945 by an Allied atomic bomb

What signaled the end ofWorld War II?

• The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki signaled the end of World War II.

What signaled the end ofWorld War II?

• The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki signaled the end of World War II.

Describe the developments that aided continental expansion. • The Railroad: The railroad provided a way for farmers in the West to ship their

surplus food supplies to populated regions in the East. This invention encouraged many people to settle and farm vast areas of land in the West

• The Steel Plow: The steel plow made farming in the Midwest and the Plain states possible because it could cut through prairie sod.

• The Revolver: The six cylinder revolver, allowing for instantaneous reloading between shots, became the standard for personal protection in the West.

• Barbed Wire: Barbed wire, with its sharp points, provided a new inexpensive way to fence in the property.

• The Windmill: Farmers in the Plains states did not receive much rainfall. Once farmers had dug their wells, they installed a windmill to pump the water to the surface for irrigation and personal use

• The Bessemer Process: In the late 850s, Sir Henry Bessemer (1813-1898) developed a faster and more efficient way of making steel. The process involved blowing air through molten iron to burn away impurities.

Who was Martin Luther?

began the movement to reform the Catholic Church

Protestant Reformation

What were the Crusades?

• series of wars fought in the Middle Ages by Christians to conquer the Holy Land from Muslims

What are conquistadors?

• Spanish explorers and soldiers who conquered Native American empires

Who was Ponce de Leon?

• Conquistador searching for the “Fountain of Youth” in Florida

Who was Hernando de Soto?

• Conquistador searched for gold in the present-day southeastern United States

• Explored Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana

Who was Magellan?

• First to sail around the world

Who was Francisco Coronado?

• Conquistador who searched for the “Seven Cities of Gold” in the present-day southwestern United States

What year did Alabama become a state?

• 1819

What is a tariff?

• Tax on foreign goods

What is Manifest Destiny?

• the belief that it was God’s will that the United States expand and possess the entire continent

What is Manifest Destiny?

• the belief that it was God’s will that the United States expand and possess the entire continent

What is Quebec?

• The first French colony in the New World

What is Quebec?

• The first French colony in the New World

What is Roanoke?

• The first English colony in the New World. It was NOT successful.

• It is called the “Lost Colony”

What is Jamestown?

• The first successful English colony in the New World.

What is St. Augustine?

• The first Spanish colony in the New World.

Who was Sir Walter Raleigh?

• English explorer searching for the “golden city” El Dorado in South America

What was a Joint-Stock Company?

• a private company that sells shares to investors

What was the Virginia House of Burgesses?

• The first representative government

What was the Mayflower Compact?

• When the Pilgrims founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony, they wrote the Mayflower Compact. This Compact guaranteed just and equal laws for all, regardless of social status. In addition, all adult males voted at town meetings regarding laws for the community.

What is mercantilism?

• economic policy which favors exports over imports to increase a nation’s gold reserves

What is Writs of Assistance?

• legal documents that allowed British customs officers to search for illegal goods with an owner’s permission

What is Habeas Corpus?

• a guarantee of no imprisonment without appearing in court

What was the Boston Massacre?

• British soldiers shot five men in Boston, March 5, 1770

What was the Boston Tea Party?

• on December 16, 1773, some Sons of Liberty dressed as Native Americans and threw tea into Boston Harbor in protest of the tax on tea

• Led by Samuel Adams

What was the Stamp Act?

• Placed high tax on newspapers and other printed material

What was the Sugar Act?

• Sugar Act was passed by Parliament on April 5, 1764, and it arrived in the colonies at a time of economic depression. A good part of the reason was that a significant portion of the colonial economy during the Seven Years War (French and Indian War) was involved with supplying food and supplies to the British Army