cma. tca srinivasa prasad computing basics.pdf · tca srinivasa prasad 5. 6 architecture •the...

CMA. TCA Srinivasa Prasad+91 947 770 222710996tcasp@icmaim.comwww.tcasprasad.in

09/12/17 CMA. TCA Srinivasa Prasad

CloudComputing

WhatisCloudComputing?

• CloudComputingisageneraltermusedtodescribeanew

classofnetworkbasedcomputingthattakesplaceoverthe

Internet,

– basicallyasteponfromUtilityComputing

– acollection/groupofintegratedandnetworkedhardware,

softwareandInternetinfrastructure(calledaplatform).

– UsingtheInternetforcommunicationandtransport

provideshardware,softwareandnetworkingservicesto

clients

• Theseplatformshidethecomplexityanddetailsofthe

underlyinginfrastructurefromusersandapplicationsby

providingverysimplegraphicalinterfaceorAPI(Applications

ProgrammingInterface).09/12/17 CMA. TCA Srinivasa Prasad

WhatisCloudComputing?

• Inaddition,theplatformprovidesondemand

services,thatarealwayson,anywhere,

anytimeandanyplace.

• Payforuseandasneeded,elastic

– scaleupanddownincapacityandfunctionalities

• Thehardwareandsoftwareservicesare

availableto

– generalpublic,enterprises,corporationsand

businessesmarkets

CloudSummary

• Cloudcomputingisanumbrellatermusedtoreferto

Internetbaseddevelopmentandservices

• Anumberofcharacteristicsdefineclouddata,

applicationsservicesandinfrastructure:

– Remotelyhosted:Servicesordataarehostedonremote

infrastructure.

– Ubiquitous:Servicesordataareavailablefromanywhere.

– Commodified:Theresultisautilitycomputingmodel

similartotraditionalthatoftraditionalutilities,likegas

andelectricity- youpayforwhatyouwouldwant!

Architecture

• Thearchitecturebehindcloudcomputingisa

massivenetwork.

• Thecloudcomputinginfrastructureconsistsof

reliableservices.

• TheCloudappearsasasinglepointofaccess

forallthecomputingneedsofconsumers.

CloudArchitecture

WhatisCloudComputing

9Adopted from: Effectively and Securely Using the Cloud Computing Paradigm by peter Mell, Tim Grance

• Sharedpoolofconfigurablecomputingresources

• On-demandnetworkaccess

• ProvisionedbytheServiceProvider09/12/17 CMA. TCA Srinivasa Prasad

CloudComputingCharacteristics

Common Characteristics:

Low Cost Software

Virtualization Service Orientation

Advanced Security

Homogeneity

Massive Scale Resilient Computing

Geographic Distribution

Essential Characteristics:

Resource Pooling

Broad Network Access Rapid Elasticity

Measured Service

On Demand Self-Service

Adopted from: Effectively and Securely Using the Cloud Computing Paradigm by peter Mell, Tim Grance

CloudServiceModels

Software as a Service (SaaS)

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Google App Engine

SalesForce CRM

LotusLive

Adopted from: Effectively and Securely Using the Cloud Computing Paradigm by peter Mell, Tim Grance

SaaSMaturityModel

12Source: Frederick Chong and Gianpaolo Carraro, “Architectures Strategies for Catching the Long Tail”

Level2:Configurableper

customer

Level3:configurable&

Multi-Tenant-Efficient

Level1:Ad-Hoc/Custom–OneInstancepercustomer

Level4:Scalable,Configurable

&Multi-Tenant-Efficient

DifferentCloudComputingLayers

Application Service(SaaS)

Application Platform

Server Platform

Storage Platform Amazon S3, Dell, Apple, ...

3Tera, EC2, SliceHost, GoGrid, RightScale, Linode

Google App Engine, Mosso,Force.com, Engine Yard,Facebook, Heroku, AWS

MS Live/ExchangeLabs, IBM, Google Apps; Salesforce.comQuicken Online, Zoho, Cisco

Services

Application

Development

Platform

Storage

Hosting

CloudComputingServiceLayersDescriptionServices – Complete business services such as PayPal, OpenID, OAuth, Google Maps, Alexa

Services

ApplicationFocused

InfrastructureFocused

Application – Cloud based software that eliminates the need for local installation such as Google Apps, Microsoft Online

Storage – Data storage or cloud based NAS such as CTERA, iDisk, CloudNAS

Development – Software development platforms used to build custom cloud based applications (PAAS & SAAS) such as SalesForce

Platform – Cloud based platforms, typically provided using virtualization, such as Amazon ECC, Sun Grid

Hosting – Physical data centers such as those run by IBM, HP, NaviSite, etc.

BasicCloudCharacteristics

• The“no-need-to-know”intermsoftheunderlying

detailsofinfrastructure,applicationsinterfacewith

theinfrastructureviatheAPIs.

• The“flexibilityandelasticity”allowsthesesystems

toscaleupanddownatwill

– utilisingtheresourcesofallkinds

• CPU,storage,servercapacity,loadbalancing,anddatabases

• The“payasmuchasusedandneeded”typeofutilitycomputingandthe“alwayson!,anywhereandanyplace”typeofnetwork-basedcomputing.

BasicCloudCharacteristics

• Cloudaretransparenttousersand

applications,theycanbebuiltinmultiple

– brandedproducts,proprietaryopensource,

hardwareorsoftware,orjustoff-the-shelfPCs.

• Ingeneral,theyarebuiltonclustersofPC

serversandoff-the-shelfcomponentsplus

OpenSourcesoftwarecombinedwithin-

houseapplicationsand/orsystemsoftware.

SoftwareasaService(SaaS)

• SaaSisamodelofsoftwaredeploymentwherean

applicationishostedasaserviceprovidedto

customersacrosstheInternet.

• Saasalleviatestheburdenofsoftware

maintenance/support

– butusersrelinquishcontroloversoftwareversionsand

requirements.

• Termsthatareusedinthissphereinclude

– PlatformasaService(PaaS)and– InfrastructureasaService(IaaS)

Virtualization

• Virtualworkspaces:

– Anabstractionofanexecutionenvironmentthatcanbemade

dynamicallyavailabletoauthorizedclientsbyusingwell-defined

protocols,

– Resourcequota(e.g.CPU,memoryshare),

– Softwareconfiguration(e.g.O/S,providedservices).

• ImplementonVirtualMachines(VMs):

– Abstractionofaphysicalhostmachine,

– HypervisorinterceptsandemulatesinstructionsfromVMs,andallows

managementofVMs,

– VMWare,Xen,etc.

• ProvideinfrastructureAPI:

– Plug-instohardware/supportstructures Hardware

App App App

Hypervisor

Virtualized Stack1809/12/17 CMA. TCA Srinivasa Prasad

VirtualMachines

• VMtechnologyallowsmultiplevirtual

machinestorunonasinglephysicalmachine.

Hardware

Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) / Hypervisor

Guest OS(Linux)

Guest OS(NetBSD)

Guest OS(Windows)

VM VM VM

AppApp AppAppAppXen

VMWare

Denalietc.

Performance: Para-virtualization (e.g. Xen) is very close to raw physical performance!

VirtualizationinGeneral

• Advantagesofvirtualmachines:

– Runoperatingsystemswherethephysicalhardwareis

unavailable,

– Easiertocreatenewmachines,backupmachines,etc.,

– Softwaretestingusing“clean”installsofoperatingsystems

andsoftware,

– Emulatemoremachinesthanarephysicallyavailable,

– Timesharelightlyloadedsystemsononehost,

– Debugproblems(suspendandresumetheproblemmachine),

– Easymigrationofvirtualmachines(shutdownneededornot).

– Runlegacysystems!

Whatisthepurposeandbenefits?

• Cloudcomputingenablescompaniesand

applications,whicharesysteminfrastructure

dependent,tobeinfrastructure-less.

• ByusingtheCloudinfrastructureon“payasused

andondemand”,allofuscansaveincapitaland

operationalinvestment!

• Clientscan:

– Puttheirdataontheplatforminsteadofontheirown

desktopPCsand/orontheirownservers.

– Theycanputtheirapplicationsonthecloudandusethe

serverswithinthecloudtodoprocessinganddata

manipulationsetc.2109/12/17 CMA. TCA Srinivasa Prasad

Cloud-Sourcing

• WhyisitbecomingaBigDeal:

– Usinghigh-scale/low-costproviders,

– Anytime/placeaccessviawebbrowser,

– Rapidscalability;incrementalcostandloadsharing,

– CanforgetneedtofocusonlocalIT.

• Concerns:

– Performance,reliability,andSLAs,

– Controlofdata,andserviceparameters,

– Applicationfeaturesandchoices,

– InteractionbetweenCloudproviders,

– NostandardAPI– mixofSOAPandREST!

– Privacy,security,compliance,trust…2209/12/17 CMA. TCA Srinivasa Prasad

SomeCommercialCloudOfferings

CloudTaxonomy

CloudStorage

• SeverallargeWebcompaniesarenowexploitingthe

factthattheyhavedatastoragecapacitythatcanbe

hiredouttoothers.

– allowsdatastoredremotelytobetemporarilycachedon

desktopcomputers,mobilephonesorotherInternet-

linkeddevices.

• Amazon’sElasticComputeCloud(EC2)andSimple

StorageSolution(S3)arewellknownexamples

– MechanicalTurk

AmazonSimpleStorageService(S3)

• UnlimitedStorage.

• Payforwhatyouuse:

– $0.20perGByteofdatatransferred,

– $0.15perGByte-Monthforstorageused,

– SecondLifeUpdate:

• 1TBytes,40,000downloadsin24hours- $200,

UtilityComputing– EC2

• AmazonElasticComputeCloud(EC2):

– Elastic,marshal1to100+PCsviaWS,

– MachineSpecs…,

– Fairlycheap!

• PoweredbyXen– aVirtualMachine:

– DifferentfromVmwareandVPCasuses“para-virtualization”where

theguestOSismodifiedtousespecialhyper-calls:

– HardwarecontributionsbyIntel(VT-x/Vanderpool)andAMD(AMD-V).

– Supports“LiveMigration”ofavirtualmachinebetweenhosts.

• Linux,Windows,OpenSolaris

• ManagementConsole/AP

EC2– TheBasics

• LoadyourimageontoS3andregisterit.

• BootyourimagefromtheWebService.

• Openuprequiredportsforyourimage.

• ConnecttoyourimagethroughSSH.

• Executeyouapplication…

OpportunitiesandChallenges

• Theuseofthecloudprovidesanumberof

opportunities:

– Itenablesservicestobeusedwithoutanyunderstanding

oftheirinfrastructure.

– Cloudcomputingworksusingeconomiesofscale:

• Itpotentiallylowerstheoutlayexpenseforstartupcompanies,as

theywouldnolongerneedtobuytheirownsoftwareorservers.

• Costwouldbebyon-demandpricing.

• VendorsandServiceprovidersclaimcostsbyestablishingan

ongoingrevenuestream.

– Dataandservicesarestoredremotelybutaccessiblefrom

“anywhere”.

OpportunitiesandChallenges• Inparalleltherehasbeenbacklashagainstcloudcomputing:

– Useofcloudcomputingmeansdependenceonothersandthatcould

possiblylimitflexibilityandinnovation:

• TheothersarelikelybecomethebiggerInternetcompanieslikeGoogle

andIBM,whomaymonopolisethemarket.

• Somearguethatthisuseofsupercomputersisareturntothetimeof

mainframecomputingthatthePCwasareactionagainst.

– Securitycouldprovetobeabigissue:

• Itisstillunclearhowsafeout-sourceddataisandwhenusingthese

servicesownershipofdataisnotalwaysclear.

– Therearealsoissuesrelatingtopolicyandaccess:

• Ifyourdataisstoredabroadwhosepolicydoyouadhereto?

• Whathappensiftheremoteservergoesdown?

• Howwillyouthenaccessfiles?

• Therehavebeencasesofusersbeinglockedoutofaccountsandlosing

accesstodata.

AdvantagesofCloudComputing

• Lowercomputercosts:

– Youdonotneedahigh-poweredandhigh-pricedcomputer

toruncloudcomputing'sweb-basedapplications.

– Sinceapplicationsruninthecloud,notonthedesktopPC,

yourdesktopPCdoesnotneedtheprocessingpowerorhard

diskspacedemandedbytraditionaldesktopsoftware.

– Whenyouareusingweb-basedapplications,yourPCcanbe

lessexpensive,withasmallerharddisk,lessmemory,more

efficientprocessor...

– Infact,yourPCinthisscenariodoesnotevenneedaCDor

DVDdrive,asnosoftwareprogramshavetobeloadedand

nodocumentfilesneedtobesaved.

• Improvedperformance:

– Withfewlargeprogramshoggingyourcomputer's

memory,youwillseebetterperformancefromyourPC.

– Computersinacloudcomputingsystembootandrun

fasterbecausetheyhavefewerprogramsandprocesses

loadedintomemory…

• Reducedsoftwarecosts:

– Insteadofpurchasingexpensivesoftwareapplications,you

cangetmostofwhatyouneedforfree-ish!• mostcloudcomputingapplicationstoday,suchastheGoogleDocssuite.

– betterthanpayingforsimilarcommercialsoftware• whichalonemaybejustificationforswitchingtocloudapplications.

• Instantsoftwareupdates:

– Anotheradvantagetocloudcomputingisthatyouarenolongerfaced

withchoosingbetweenobsoletesoftwareandhighupgradecosts.

– Whentheapplicationisweb-based,updateshappenautomatically

• availablethenexttimeyoulogintothecloud.

– Whenyouaccessaweb-basedapplication,yougetthelatestversion

• withoutneedingtopayforordownloadanupgrade.

• Improveddocumentformatcompatibility.

– Youdonothavetoworryaboutthedocumentsyoucreateonyour

machinebeingcompatiblewithotherusers'applicationsorOSes

– Therearepotentiallynoformatincompatibilitieswheneveryoneis

sharingdocumentsandapplicationsinthecloud.

• Unlimitedstoragecapacity:

– Cloudcomputingoffersvirtuallylimitlessstorage.

– Yourcomputer'scurrent1Tbyte harddriveissmall

comparedtothehundredsofPbytes availableinthecloud.

• Increaseddatareliability:

– Unlikedesktopcomputing,inwhichifaharddiskcrashes

anddestroyallyourvaluabledata,acomputercrashingin

thecloudshouldnotaffectthestorageofyourdata.

• ifyourpersonalcomputercrashes,allyourdataisstillouttherein

thecloud,stillaccessible

– InaworldwherefewindividualdesktopPCusersbackup

theirdataonaregularbasis,cloudcomputingisadata-

safecomputingplatform!3409/12/17 CMA. TCA Srinivasa Prasad

• Universaldocumentaccess:

– Thatisnotaproblemwithcloudcomputing,becauseyou

donottakeyourdocumentswithyou.

– Instead,theystayinthecloud,andyoucanaccessthem

wheneveryouhaveacomputerandanInternetconnection

– Documentsareinstantlyavailablefromwhereveryouare

• Latestversionavailability:

– Whenyoueditadocumentathome,thateditedversionis

whatyouseewhenyouaccessthedocumentatwork.

– Thecloudalwayshoststhelatestversionofyourdocuments• aslongasyouareconnected,youarenotindangerofhavinganoutdated

version

• Easiergroupcollaboration:

– Sharingdocumentsleadsdirectlytobettercollaboration.

– Manyusersdothisasitisanimportantadvantagesofcloud

computing

• multipleuserscancollaborateeasilyondocumentsandprojects

• Deviceindependence.

– Youarenolongertetheredtoasinglecomputerornetwork.

– Changestocomputers,applicationsanddocumentsfollow

youthroughthecloud.

– Movetoaportabledevice,andyourapplicationsand

documentsarestillavailable.

DisadvantagesofCloudComputing

• RequiresaconstantInternetconnection:

– Cloudcomputingisimpossibleifyoucannotconnecttothe

Internet.

– SinceyouusetheInternettoconnecttobothyour

applicationsanddocuments,ifyoudonothaveanInternet

connectionyoucannotaccessanything,evenyourown

documents.

– AdeadInternetconnectionmeansnoworkandinareas

whereInternetconnectionsarefeworinherently

unreliable,thiscouldbeadeal-breaker.

• Doesnotworkwellwithlow-speedconnections:

– Similarly,alow-speedInternetconnection,suchasthat

foundwithdial-upservices,makescloudcomputing

painfulatbestandoftenimpossible.

– Web-basedapplicationsrequirealotofbandwidthto

download,asdolargedocuments.

• Featuresmightbelimited:

– Thissituationisboundtochange,buttodaymanyweb-

basedapplicationssimplyarenotasfull-featuredastheir

desktop-basedapplications.

• Forexample,youcandoalotmorewithMicrosoftPowerPoint

thanwithGooglePresentation'sweb-basedoffering

• Canbeslow:

– Evenwithafastconnection,web-basedapplicationscan

sometimesbeslowerthanaccessingasimilarsoftware

programonyourdesktopPC.

– Everythingabouttheprogram,fromtheinterfacetothe

currentdocument,hastobesentbackandforthfromyour

computertothecomputersinthecloud.

– Ifthecloudservershappentobebackedupatthat

moment,oriftheInternetishavingaslowday,youwould

notgettheinstantaneousaccessyoumightexpectfrom

desktopapplications.

• Storeddatamightnotbesecure:

– Withcloudcomputing,allyourdataisstoredonthecloud.

• ThequestionsisHowsecureisthecloud?

– Canunauthorisedusersgainaccesstoyourconfidentialdata?

• Storeddatacanbelost:

– Theoretically,datastoredinthecloudissafe,replicated

acrossmultiplemachines.

– Butontheoffchancethatyourdatagoesmissing,youhave

nophysicalorlocalbackup.

• Putsimply,relyingonthecloudputsyouatriskifthecloudletsyou

• HPCSystems:

– Notclearthatyoucanruncompute-intensiveHPC

applicationsthatuseMPI/OpenMP!

– Schedulingisimportantwiththistypeofapplication

• asyouwantalltheVMtobeco-locatedtominimizecommunication

latency!

• GeneralConcerns:

– EachcloudsystemsusesdifferentprotocolsanddifferentAPIs

• maynotbepossibletorunapplicationsbetweencloudbasedsystems

– AmazonhascreateditsownDBsystem(notSQL92),and

workflowsystem(manypopularworkflowsystemsoutthere)

• soyournormalapplicationswillhavetobeadaptedtoexecuteon

theseplatforms.4109/12/17 CMA. TCA Srinivasa Prasad

TheFuture

• Manyoftheactivitieslooselygroupedtogetherundercloud

computinghavealreadybeenhappeningandcentralised

computingactivityisnotanewphenomena

• GridComputingwasthelastresearch-ledcentralised

approach

• Howeverthereareconcernsthatthemainstreamadoptionof

cloudcomputingcouldcausemanyproblemsforusers

• Manynewopensourcesystemsappearingthatyoucaninstall

andrunonyourlocalcluster

– shouldbeabletorunavarietyofapplicationsonthesesystems

CMA. TCA Srinivasa Prasad+91 947 770 222710996tcasp@icmaim.comwww.tcasprasad.in

cma. tca srinivasa prasad computing basics.pdf · tca srinivasa prasad 5. 6 architecture •the...

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