classification 2 million species identified and named estimated total number ---100 million...

CLASSIFICATION

2 million species identified and named

Estimated total number ---100 million

TAXANOMY: The branch of biology that deals with the classification of organisms.

EARLY EFFORTS IN CLASSIFICATION

Aristotle (Fourth century B.C. );

grouped animals according to their physical features = empirical or artificial classification

not scientific

John Ray (1600’s)

was the first scientist to use the term species

Species is a natural group of similar organsims that interbreed (mating within the same species) in nature.

Carl von Linnaeus (1700s)

Swedish botanist

is the founder of modern taxonomy

grouped organisms according to their structural similarities

gave a two-word Latin name to each organism

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

Linnaeus named each species with a genus name followed by a single descriptive name.

Ex: Felis domesticus

genus name

specific name that defines properties of the organism

species name

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

Gammarus anatoliensis

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

Rhinoderma darwinii

Vipera barani

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

Acanthodactylus harranensis

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

Pinus nigra Pinus sylvestris

TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES

Number of individuals decrease

Number of shared characteristics decrease

TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES

TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES

CLASSIFICATION OF SOME ORGANISMS

WHAT TO LOOK AT WHEN CLASSIFYING

Classification is based on:

Homologous organs

Similarities in embryonic development

Similarities in protein and enzyme structure

Similarities in DNA

Fossil information

Cellular structure

Behavioral characters

WHAT TO LOOK AT WHEN CLASSIFYING

Homologous organs:

Organs which have similar internal structures, but different functions

They develop from the same embryonic origin

Analogous organs:

Organs which have the same function but have different internal structures

They have different embryonic origins

Analogous structures are not used in classification

SIX KINGDOMS

VIRUSES

A virus is a noncellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells.

A typical virus is composed of a core nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat called capsid.

Depending on the virus, the nucleic acid is either DNA or RNA, but never both.

PROPERTIES OF A VIRUSThey do not have a cytoplasm and metabolism.

They may have several shape and size.

They are composed of a protein coat (capsid) and a nucleic acşd which can either be DNA or RNA.

PROPERTIES OF A VIRUSEach virus can invade specific cells.

They are not affected from antibiotics, but they are affected from physical and chemical treatments.

They are obligate inner parasites. They have to be in a host cell in order to be living.

PROPERTIES OF A VIRUSViruses can be classified according to their host cells or nucleic material.

Animal VirusesDNA viruses Disease caused by the virus

Hepatic virus Liver malfunctioning

Herpes simplex Herpes

Poxvirus Smallpox

RNA viruses Disease caused by the virus

Rhabdovirus Rabies

Orthomixovirus Influenza

VIRUSES

T4 BACTERIOPHAGE

LIFE CYCLES OF VIRUSES

LYTIC CYCLE

The viruses that invade living cells and then cause the cells lyse, or burst.

LYSOGENIC CYCLE

The virus does not reproduce and lyse its host cell right away. The DNA of of the virus enters the cell and is inserted into the DNA of the host cell.

VIRUSES

VIRUSES

STAGES OF LYTIC CYCLE

1. The virus attaches to the surface of host cell by its tail fibers.

2. The virus then injects its DNA into the cell.

3. The DNA of the virus is integrated into the DNA of the host cell.

4. As the virus takes over, it uses the materials of the host cell to make thousands of copies of its own protein coat and DNA.

5. The DNA molecules are covered with protein coat and other parts of the new virus are assembled.

6. The infected cell bursts and relases viruses that will infect other cells.

LYTIC CYCLE

STAGES OF LYSOGENIC CYCLE• In lysogenic infection, the virus does not

reproduce and lyse the host cell right away. Instead, the DNA of the virus enters the cell and is inserted into the DNA of the host cell.

• Once inserted into the host cell’s DNA, the viral DNA is known as prophage.

• The prophage may remain part of the DNA of the host cell for many generations.

• Eventually, the DNA of the prophage will become active, remove itself from the host cell’s DNA and redirect the synthesis of new virus particles. So, the lytic cycles begins.

LYSOGENIC CYCLE

PROKARYOTES

ARCHAEBACTERIAThey lack peptidoglycan cell wall.

Their membrane lipids are different.

Their DNA sequence is like those in eukaryotic organisms.

They live in extreme conditions.

EUBACTERIAThey can be found everywhere.

Cell wall is made of peptidoglycan.

ARCHAEBACTERIAHalophiles (Salt lovers)

Thermophiles

Methanogens

EUBACTERIACyanobacteria (Blue-green bacteria)

Streptococci

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF PROKARYOTES

All have cytoplasm

They don’t have nucleus

All have cell walls

All have ribosomes

Some have flagella for active movement

Some have mesosomes for aerobic respiration

Pathogens have capsule

CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA

Bacteria can be classified according to their

shapes

oxygen needs

Gram staining

way of nutrition

BACTERIA ACCORDING TO SHAPE Bacilli (rod-shaped) Cocci (sphere-

shaped)

Spirilla (spiral-shaped) Vibrios (comma-shaped)

BACTERIA ACCORDING TO GRAM STAINING

Gram (+) bacteria:

Take purple color.

Gram (-) bacteria:

Take pink color.

BACTERIA ACCORDING TO OXYGEN NEEDS

Obligate Aerobes:

They require oxygen in order to survive.

Facultative Anaerobes:

They don’t need oxygen, but they can survive in the presence of oxygen.

Obligate Anaerobes:

They must live in places with almost no oxygen. Oxygen may poison them.

BACTERIA ACCORDING TO NUTRITION

Heterotrophs

Autotrophs

Parasites

Mutualists

Saprophytes

Chemoautotrophs

Photoautotrophs

BACTERIA ACCORDING TO NUTRITION

Heterotrophs

Parasites

Mutualists

Saprophytes

(They do not produce their own food)

they do not have digestive enzymes, so they have to live in places where digested food is present.

Ex: human digestive tract, blood, cells

Some are pathogens

They live on the leftovers of the dead bodies of animals and plants.

They convert organic molecules into inorganic molecules

They are important for egological balance

They live within organisms but provide them favorable conditions and dont harm them

Ex: bacteria in digestive tract of herbivores help them digest cellulose

BACTERIA ACCORDING TO NUTRITION

Autotrophs(They can produce their own food)

they are photosynthetic

They have chlorophyll and other pigments to absorb light energy

Ex: cyanobacteria

they get energy needed to synthesize food molecules by oxidizing inorganic substances like sulphure, iron, hydrogen, nitrogen.

Ex: Sulfur bacteria

Photoautotrophs

Chemoautotrophs

PROTISTA

Represented by 20.000 species

“Any eukaryotic organism that is not a fungus, animal or plant”

Mostly unicellular, but there are multicellular examples

Can live in colonies, but there are no differentiated cells or tissues

They live in a watery environment, in salty oceans, and fresh water or in moist soil.

Can be autotroph, heterotroph or switch to both ways if necessary

Some of them live as parasites

PROTISTA

They do not have cell walls

As they are eukaryotic organisms, they have a membrane-bounded nucleus containing the hereditary material

They reproduce mostly by binary fission.

PROTISTA

Protozoa

(Animallike Protists)

Algae

(Plantlike Protists)

Funguslike Protists

Sarcodines

Flagellata

Sporozoans

Cilliates

Unicelllar algae

Multicellular algae

FLAGELLATA

EX: Euglena

PROTISTA

SARCODİNA

Ex: Ameba

CILIATA

Ex: Paramecium

PROTISTA

SPOROZOA

ÖR: PLAZMODIUM

PROTISTA

AMOEBA

Under the microscope, the ameba appears as a transparent mass that constantly changes shape.

It has ever-changing extensions called pseudopods (falsefeet).

Ameba moves by falsefeet and also it uses them to obtain food.

They take in food by phagocytosis into a food vacuole. As the food is digested, the temporary food vacuole disappears.

There is also a contractile vacuole which pumps out excess water.

PARAMECIUM Lives mainly in quite or stagnate pools.

It has a protectice covering called pellicle.

It has short, hairlike projections called cillia for movement.

Food particles enter through oral groove.

Wastes are removed from anal pore.

It has two nuclei; one is micronucleus that is responsible for reproduction, the other one is macronucleus that is responsible for other metabolic activities.

It has contractile vacuole.

Contractile vacuole

EUGLENA

They

are plant-like protists

live in ponds and streams

have flagella for movement

include chloroplasts

have eyespot to sense light

FUNGIThey

have filamentous structure

have multicellular and unicellular forms.

have chitin in their cell walls.

absorb their food from the environment or they are saprobes.

reproduce by spores

store glycogen

don’t have real roots

can live as parasites

FUNGI

Sporangium Fungi

(Küf mantarları)

Imperfect fungi

(Ağaç mantarları)

Club Fungi (Şapkalı

mantarlar)

Sac fungi

(Maya mantarları)

LICHENS: (imperfect fungi)

FungusLichen + Algae

food and O2

CO2 , H2O, protection, moisture, attachment site

FUNGI

PLANTAE

Non-vascular plants

(Damarsız bitkiler)

Vascular plants

(Damarlı bitkiler)

Seedles plants

(Tohumsuz bitkiler)

Seeded plants

(Tohumlu bitkiler)

Angiosperms

(Kapalı tohumlular)

Gymnosperms

(Açık tohumlular)

Monocot

Dicot

MOSSES

Non-vascular plants(Damarsız bitkiler)

LIVERWORTS

PLANTAE

VASCULAR SEEDLESS PLANTS

FERNSHORSE TAILS

PLANTAE

SEEDED PLANTS

GYMNOSPERMS (KOZALAKLILAR=AÇIK TOHUMLULAR)

ÇAM AĞACI

PLANTAE

ANGIOSPERMS (KAPALI TOHUMLULAR)

DICOT PLANTS

PLANTAE

MONOCOT PLANTS

PLANTAE

General Properties of Animals:

They are multicellular and eukaryotic

They do aerobic respiration to gain energy

They can move and most have muscles to move.

They respond to changes in the environment.

Most of the reproduce sexulally but there are some species that reproduce asexually.

Except sponges, they all have a body symmetry.

They are classified as cold – blooded (fish, amphibians, rept,les) and warm –blooded (birds, mammals) according to their body temperature.

ANIMALIA

On the basis of having a backbone or not, animals are classified as follows:

ANIMALIA

Invertebrates Chordates

Porifera (Sponges)

Coelenterates

Worms

Mollusks

Arthropods

Echinoderms

Non- vertebrates

Vertebrates

Fish

Amphibians

Reptiles

Birds

Mammals

SPONGES

COELENTERATES

INVERTEBRATES

FLAT WORMS

ROUND WORMS

INVERTEBRATES

EARTHWORMS

MOLLUSCS

INVERTEBRATES

ARTHROPODS

INVERTEBRATES

ECHINODERMS

INVERTEBRATES

CHORDATES

NON - VERTEBRATES

AMPHIOXUS TUNICATES

VERTEBRATES

Major Taxonomic Groups

KINGDOM

Archaebacteria Eubacteria

Cell type prokaryotic prokaryotic

Body form unicellular unicellular

Cell wall have cell walls lack peptidoglycan

have cell walls made up of peptidoglycan

Major Taxonomic Groups

KINGDOM

Archaebacteria Eubacteria

Nutrition autotrophic

heterotrophic

autotrophic

heterotrophic

Nervous system

absent absent

Locomotion present in some Present in some

KINGDOM

Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

cell type eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic

body form most unicellular, some simple multicellular

most multicellular

multicellular multicellular

Organs, sytems

cell wall present in some

usually chitin cellulose No cell wall

Major Taxonomic Groups

Major Taxonomic Groups

KINGDOM

Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

nutrition photosynthesis, ingestion, or absorbtion

absorbtion photosynthesis ingestion

Nervous system

absent absent absent present

locomotion present in some absent absent present