class 13 slides midterm review
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ECPY 204ECPY 204
MIDTERM REVIEWMIDTERM REVIEW
10 - 11 - 12
Teasing apart the terms...
✦ CAREER
• The integration of one’s personality with work activities; a cumulative reference to one’s work experiences over time
✦ OCCUPATION
• One’s business, profession or trade
✦ JOB
• Series of tasks or activities that are performed within an occupation
CAREER DECISION-MAKING PROCESS
✦ Become aware and committed
✦ Study your environment
✦ Study yourself
✦ Generate alternatives
✦ Gather information
✦ Make the decision
✦ Implement the decision
✦ Get feedback
CAREER CHOICE THEORIES
✦Rational/Systematic Approach
✦Sociocultural Determinant Approach
✦Accidental Approach
GENERATIONAL DIFFERENCES
• GEN Y (Millenials)• GEN X • BABY BOOMERS• MATURES/TRADITIONALS
HOLLAND’s THEORY
• Each person has a HOLLAND CODE
• Each work environment has a HOLLAND CODE
• Holland’s theory matches you to compatible work environments based on which professions correspond with your HOLLAND CODE
Holland Personality Types
✦ Realistic✦ Investigative✦ Artistic✦ Social✦ Enterprising✦ Conventional
Holland Hexagon
SUPER’s SELF-CONCEPT THEORY
✦ Growth
✦ Exploration
✦ Establishment
✦ Maintenance
✦ Disengagement
DEFINITIONDEFINITION
✦VALUES
• Anything to which a person ascribes worth, merit, or usefulness
• Deeply held convictions that influence your thinking when you are faced with choices
Teasing apart the terms...Teasing apart the terms...
✦VALUES vs. NEEDS
• Values
Important or significant
• Needs
Necessary or required
VALUESVALUES✦ Why are they important?
• Studying our values can give direction to life• Satisfying our values leads to personal fulfillment and happiness
✦ Where do we get them?
• People + environment• Usually not taught consciously
Culture vs. SubcultureCulture vs. Subculture
✦ Culture
• Ways of thinking and living that are built up by a group of human beings and transmitted from generation to generation
✦ Subculture
• A group with social/economic/ethnic and other characteristics distinctive enough to set it apart from other groups within the same culture
Cultural ValuesCultural Values
✦ Cultural Values
• What is considered to be right or wrong, important or unimportant in a culture
Work-Life BalanceWork-Life Balance
✦ The ability to include all top priorities and values in your career and life plan
✦ Balanced individuals work harder
✦ Work-Life Balance = Career Satisfaction
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Where you direct your attention
Extroversion----------------------------Introversion
How you gather information
Sensing---------------------------------------Intuition
How you make decisions
Thinking----------------------------------------Feeling
How you relate to the external environment
Judging--------------------------------------Perceiving
Definitions✦ Ability:
✦ The capacity to act with competence in an activity or occupation
✦ Aptitude: ✦ The ability to learn; potential
✦ Skill:✦ A competency developed from learning and
practice
Abilities✦ Where do they come from?
➡ Partly heredity➡ Partly environment
✦ Types of abilities➡ physical➡ intellectual➡ artistic➡ organizational➡ relational➡ special knowledge abilities...
Aptitudes
✦The ability or capacity to learn➡ “I don’t have the skill yet, but I have the
potential to acquire it”
SCANS Report
✦ Secretary’s Commission on AchievingNecessary Skills by the U.S. Dept. of Labor
➡ Outlines essential skills of solid job performance in the 21st century job market
SCANS: Foundations
✦ FOUNDATIONS➡ Basic Skills: Reading, writing, arithmetic, speaking,
listening
➡ Thinking Skills: Creative thinking, decision making, problem solving, reasoning, knowing how to learn
➡ Personal Qualities: Individual responsibility, self-esteem, sociability,self-management, integrity
✦ The absence of any one of the foundations can disqualify any job seeker at any level!
SCANS: Foundations and Competencies
✦ COMPETENCIES➡Resources: The ability to identify, organize, plan, and
allocate resources
➡Interpersonal: The ability to work well with others
➡Information: The ability to acquire and use information
➡Systems: The ability to understand complex interrelationships
➡Technology: The ability to work with a variety of technologies
Skills
✦3 TYPES:➡ Functional (Transferable) Skills
➡ Content Skills
➡ Adaptive Skills
Functional Skills✦ Skills you carry from one job to another✦ TRANSFERABLE✦ Can be used in many occupations✦ Convey action
➡ Expressed as verbs✦ Naturally developed from all aspects of life
Content Skills✦ Skills involving learned subject matter
➡ Expressed as nouns✦ Require:
➡ conscious, deliberate training➡ the use of memory to master a particular
vocabulary, procedure or subject matter
Adaptable Skills
✦ AKA Self-management skills
✦ Describe or characterize people
➡ Expressed as adjectives and adverbs
✦ Not really recognized as skills at all... typically thought of as ‘personal traits’
Gathering Information
✦ Important things to know when considering a particular career:
➡ 1. Nature of the work?➡ 2. Education, training or experience?➡ 3. Personal qualifications/skills/ abilities?
Gathering Information
✦ Important things to know (cont.):
➡ 4. Earnings, salary range, benefits?➡ 5. Working conditions?➡ 6. Location of employment?
Gathering Information
✦ Important things to know (cont.):
➡ 7. Personality characteristics of typical people in this profession?
➡ 8. Employment and advancement outlook?
➡ 9. Personal satisfaction?
Gathering Information
✦ Important things to know (cont.):
➡ 10. Advantages and disadvantages➡ 11. Related occupations
Online Resources✦ Occupational Information Network (O*Net)
➡ online.onetcenter.org
✦ Career Info Net (fast-growing jobs): ➡ www.Careerinfonet.org
✦ Occupational Outlook Handbook (includes salary ranges): ➡ www.bls.gov/oco
Common Decision-making Styles
✦ Planning (Rational/Linear)✦ Intuitive✦ Impulsive✦ Compliant✦ Delaying✦ Fatalistic✦ Agonizing✦ Paralytic✦ Defaulting
Factors adversely affecting decisions
✦ External, e.g.:➡ family expectations➡ family responsibilities➡ cultural stereotypes➡ gender stereotypes➡ survival needs
✦ Internal, e.g.:➡ lack of self-confidence➡ fear of change➡ fear of making the wrong decision➡ fear of failure➡ fear of ridicule
3 Conditions Needed for Change
✦ Dissatisfaction with current condition✦ Concept of something better waiting in future✦ Belief that there is a way to get there
Premise: The benefits of a change outweigh the costs of making that change.
Strategies and Risks in Decision Making
✦ Gelatt, Varenhorst,Carey, & Miller (1973)
➡ OPTION A: Wish strategy
➡ OPTION B: Safe strategy
➡ OPTION C: Escape strategy
➡ OPTION D: Combination strategy
Career Decision-Making:MATRIX
MONEY4
INTELLECTUAL
STIMULATION
5
INTERACTION WITH
OTHERS2
FLEXIBILITY3
LOW STRESS 5 TOTAL
DETECTIVE2 (4)
FOOD CRITIC2 (4)
RESEARCHER2 (4)
CHEF 1 (4)
DOLPHIN TRAINER
1 (4)
MARINE BIOLOGIST
3 (4)
GOALS VS OBJECTIVES
✦ GOALS
➡ Broad statements of purpose➡ General and long-range➡ Ongoing process
✦ OBJECTIVES
➡ Specific and practical steps toward goals➡ Short-term
DEFINE GOAL
ASSESS ALTERNATIVES
GATHER INFORMATION
ASSESS OUTCOME
PROBABILITY/DESIRABILITY
TAKE ACTION
REFINE GOAL
Informational Interview
✦ Definition?➡ A brief meeting between a person who wants to
investigate an occupation and a person working in that occupation
✦ Main goal?➡ To obtain advice and information about what people
do in their occupations and what the industry is like as a whole
“Trying on Jobs”
➡ Can get direct information about the job and its work environment
➡ Can check on the accuracy of information gathered from other sources
➡ Can ask questions you won’t find the answers to elsewhere
➡ Can afford networking opportunities
Herzberg’s Theory of Motivation (related to Maslow’s Needs)
Text
Learn on the job, use skills in
challenging + interestingwork
Autonomy + recognition
Relationships with colleagues, supervisors
Company policies, work environment
Job security, salary, benefits
Herzberg’s Theory of Motivation
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