cities without suburbs
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Cities Without Suburbs
By David Rusk
Outline
Methodology – determining elasticity (Jodie)
Consequences of elasticity or lack thereof (Robert)
Ways to achieve an elastic city (Ingrid) Conclusions and recommendations
(Daryan)
Outline
Methodology – determining elasticity Consequences of elasticity or lack
thereof Ways to achieve an elastic city Conclusions and recommendations
Selecting Metropolitan Areas To Study
Excludes areas with fewer than 200,000 residents
Excludes Mexican border towns Excludes declining mining regions Excludes white-only metro areas Excludes city-less metro areas
Process For Determining Elasticity
Density of cities in 1950 Amount of city expansion from 1950-
1990– Example of New York City, New York and
Anchorage, Alaska
Levels of Elasticity
Separated cities in selected metropolitan areas into five groups:– Zero elasticity– Low elasticity– Medium elasticity– High elasticity– Hyper elasticity
The Point of No Return
Major loss of population Disproportionate minority population Residents had average income levels
less than 70% of suburban income levels
Demonstrates the Fourth Law of Urban Dynamics
Cities Without Suburbs
Surprisingly most are located in more modest income metro areas
All of these cities dominate their areas These cities are making the most of the
areas’ available resources City must have 50% or more of the metro
population Average per capita income of city residents
must be 90% or more of suburban residents
Cities Without Suburbs
Cities Without Suburbs
The Key for Cities Without Suburbs
“…these twenty-three communities are becoming societies of greater social equity and economic mobility…have a lower level of racial segregation…have greater unity among their public institutions, their residents have better access to the entire region’s resources…” (82)
Outline
Methodology – determining elasticity Consequences of elasticity or lack
thereof Ways to achieve an elastic city Conclusions and recommendations
Laws of Urban Dynamicsaccording to David Rusk
1. Only elastic cities grow2. Fragmentation divides; Unification
unites3. Ties do bind4. Ghettos can only become bigger
ghettos
Cities without suburbs=elastic cities
The central city should be able to grow and expand
Cities without suburbs=elastic cities
Racial integration occurs
Cities without suburbs=elastic cities Income class integration occurs City incomes are equal to or higher than
suburban incomes
Cities without suburbs=elastic cities
Local public institutions are effective because they are unified
Outline
Methodology – determining elasticity Consequences of elasticity or lack
thereof Ways to achieve an elastic city Conclusions and recommendations
Achieving an Elastic City -Metro Government General purpose local government All powers of municipality under state law Exercise exclusive powers within its
jurisdiction Special purpose and general governments
may still exist, but key planning and zoning must be done by the metro government
It should contain 60% of the area’s population and the region’s central city
Types of Metropolitan Governments
Empowerment of urban counties Consolidation of cities and counties Combining counties into regional
governments
Strategies to Create Elasticity
1. Decrease revenue gaps
2. Decrease racial and economic segregation
1. Share revenue between rich and poor communities
2. Create affordable housing requirements and housing assistance programs
3. Promote economic development
4. Implement regional growth management policies
State Government Initiatives
Can create new local governments and merge old ones.
Governors and state legislatures act as metro-wide policymakers
Aid the local government and local school systems
Authorize Annexation
If a central city could annex, it could maintain unity of the local government.
Annexation will serve the larger public interest
Federal Government Initiatives
Provides incentives for metropolitan reorganization
Stops providing infrastructure grants in order to slow urban sprawl
Eliminate capital gains tax Ends the traditional federal public housing
program
Outline
Methodology – determining elasticity Consequences of elasticity or lack
thereof Ways to achieve an elastic city Conclusions and recommendations
Recommendations
Local State Federal
Recommendations for local Government “fair share” housing policies Fair employment and fair housing
policies Housing assistance policies Tax-sharing arrangements
Recommendations for state governments Improve annexation laws Enact laws to encourage city-county
consolidation Empower county governments to act as de
facto metro governments Require “fair share” metro housing laws Establish metrowide tax sharing
arrangements Enact laws to curb urban sprawl
Recommendations for Federal Government Focus federal research and evaluation on integration Utilization of the U.S. Advisory Commission on
Intergovernmental Relations Review of Federal Programs based to account for
segregation Initiate reforms of the federal public housing program Enforce federal laws more vigorously Determine whether economic segregation leads to
racial segregation, violation of law?
The Key for Cities Without Suburbs
“…these twenty-three communities are becoming societies of greater social equity and economic mobility…have a lower level of racial segregation…have greater unity among their public institutions, their residents have better access to the entire region’s resources…” (82)
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