cisco ccna module 9

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Module 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite and IP

Addressing

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www.pnj.ac.idObjectives

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www.pnj.ac.idThe TCP/IP Model The Department of Defense (DoD) developed the TCP/IP reference

model to provide a communication network that could continue to function in wartime.

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www.pnj.ac.idTCP/IP Applications

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www.pnj.ac.idTransport Layer Protocols

• The functions of TCP and UDP

Segment upper-layer application data

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www.pnj.ac.idTransport Layer Protocols

TCP is responsible for:• end-to-end

communication • flow control • reliability of data delivery

TCP supports a logical connection between the sending and receiving hosts

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www.pnj.ac.idTransport Layer Protocols

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www.pnj.ac.idInternet Layer ProtocolsThe IP Protocol is responsible for:• defining packet format and addressing scheme• routing packets to remote hosts• transferring data between the internet layer and the network access

layer

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www.pnj.ac.idInternet Layer Protocols

• IP - connectionless, best-effort delivery routing of packets.

• ICMP - control and messaging capabilities.

• ARP - determines the data link layer address for known IP addresses.

• RARP - determines the IP address for a known MAC address.

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www.pnj.ac.idInternet Path Determination

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www.pnj.ac.idQuestion

• Why is IP sometimes referred as an unreliable protocol?

• Is it really unreliable?

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www.pnj.ac.idAnswer

• IP is sometimes referred to as an unreliable protocol.

• This does not mean that IP will not accurately deliver data across a network.

• Calling IP an unreliable protocol simply means that IP does not perform error checking and correction.

• That function is handled by upper layer protocols from the transport or application layers.

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www.pnj.ac.idNetwork Access Protocols

The Network Access Layer is the host-to-network layer of the TCP/IP model.

• Encapsulation of IP packets into frames

• Interface to the physical medium

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www.pnj.ac.id

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www.pnj.ac.idComparing TCP/IP with the OSI Model

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www.pnj.ac.idRouter Connects Two Networks

• A network of networks is called an internet, indicated with the lowercase “i”.

• When referring to the networks that developed from the DoD on which the Worldwide Web (www) runs, the uppercase “I” is used and is called the Internet.

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www.pnj.ac.idRouters Connect Local and Remote Networks

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www.pnj.ac.idUsers See TCP/IP Cloud

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www.pnj.ac.idPhysical Details Hidden from Users

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www.pnj.ac.id

“Scale-Free Networks”Scientific AmericanMay 2003

The internet somewhere in the N.E. US

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www.pnj.ac.idForwarding Packets—IP address

• A router forwards packets from the originating network to the destination network using the IP protocol.

• The packets must include an identifier for both the source and destination networks.

• Accordingly, every IP address has two parts

– One part identifies the network where the system is connected

– A second part identifies that particular system on the network

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www.pnj.ac.idHost Address

192.168.1.01. 192.168.1.12. 192.168.1.23. 192.168.1.34. 192.168.1.4

192.168.2.01. 192.168.2.12. 192.168.2.23. 192.168.2.34. 192.168.2.4

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www.pnj.ac.idIP Addressing Format

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www.pnj.ac.idConsecutive Decimal and Binary Values

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www.pnj.ac.idTwo Byte (Sixteen Bit Number)

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www.pnj.ac.idTwo Byte (Sixteen Bit Number)

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www.pnj.ac.idOne Byte (Eight Bit Number)

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www.pnj.ac.idDecimal to Binary Conversion

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www.pnj.ac.idTwo Byte (Sixteen Bit Number)

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www.pnj.ac.idBinary to Decimal Conversion

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www.pnj.ac.idNetwork Layer Communication Path

• Routers use IP to make decisions about how to reach a particular destination

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www.pnj.ac.idNetwork and Host Addressing

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www.pnj.ac.idInternet Addresses

• IP address space is hierarchical

• Uses the concept of classes

• Compare this with the flat MAC address space

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www.pnj.ac.idIdentifying Address Classes

• The pattern of High Order Bits defines the class of the network address

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www.pnj.ac.idIP Address Classes

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www.pnj.ac.idAddress Class Prefixes

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www.pnj.ac.idNetwork and Host Division

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www.pnj.ac.idClass A Address

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www.pnj.ac.idClass B Address

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www.pnj.ac.idClass C Address

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www.pnj.ac.idClass D Address Architecture

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www.pnj.ac.idClass E Address Architecture

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www.pnj.ac.idIP Address Range

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www.pnj.ac.idNetwork Address

• Host portion all zeros

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www.pnj.ac.idBroadcast Address

• Host portion all ones

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www.pnj.ac.idNetwork Address

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www.pnj.ac.idUnicast Transmission (to ONE Host only)• Addressed to a specific host

i.e. 176.10.16.1

• Only that host looks at the contents of the packet

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www.pnj.ac.idBroadcast Address (to ALL Hosts)

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www.pnj.ac.idBroadcast Transmission

• All hosts listen for broadcast messages

• Only the host with the appropriate service responds

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www.pnj.ac.idRequired Unique Address• A packet can only be sent out onto the Internet if it has a

unique address

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www.pnj.ac.idPrivate IP Addresses

• You can use these addresses on any private LAN.

• You CANNOT use them on the internet. • Internet routers will block them.

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www.pnj.ac.idUsing Private Addresses in the WAN

•Connecting a network using private addresses to the Internet requires translation of the private addresses to public addresses •This translation process is referred to as Network Address Translation (NAT)

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www.pnj.ac.idIPv4 Address Allocation

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www.pnj.ac.idSubnet Addresses

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www.pnj.ac.idIPv4 and IPv6

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www.pnj.ac.idIPv4 and IPv6 Addresses

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www.pnj.ac.idAssigning IP Addresses

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www.pnj.ac.idTCPIP/IP Configuration for Windows 98

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www.pnj.ac.idIP Address

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www.pnj.ac.idARP/RARP Message Structure

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www.pnj.ac.idBOOTP Message Structure

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www.pnj.ac.idDHCP Message Structure

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www.pnj.ac.idARP Table Entry

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www.pnj.ac.idARP Table Funtions

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www.pnj.ac.idThe ARP Process

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www.pnj.ac.idARP Request

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www.pnj.ac.idProxy ARP Request

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www.pnj.ac.idWhich host has this IP address?

• ARP

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www.pnj.ac.idDefault Gateway

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www.pnj.ac.idSummary

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www.pnj.ac.idQuick Reference Subnetting Chart