cis100 test 3 review reach-crc © 2011 reach-crc. all rights reserved.spring 2011

CIS100 Test 3 Review

REACH-CRC

CIS100 Test 3 Content

Chapter 6: Business Networks and TelecommunicationsChapter 7: Databases and Data Warehouses

Videos: The Machine is Us/ing Us

Chapter 7: Organizing Data for Effective AnalysisCumulative concepts, features and functions, as well as nested IF statements plus new functions: DATE, DATEDIF, NOW, TODAY, YEARFRAC, as well as Sorting & Filtering

Includes all Homework and Lab Assignments to date

CIS100 Cumulative Microsoft Excel Functions

•Mathematical Functions•ROUND•SUM

• Statistical Functions•AVERAGE•COUNT•COUNTA•LARGE•MAX•MEDIAN•MIN•SMALL

•Logical Functions•AND•OR•NOT•IF•Nested IF

•Text Manipulation Function•Concatenate Function

CIS100 Test 3 New Microsoft Excel Functions

•Date Functions•DATE•DATEDIF•YEARFRAC•NOW•TODAY

Syntax:

=DATE(year,month,day)

Arguments:

•year RequiredThe value of the year argument can include one to four digits.

•month RequiredA positive or negative integer representing the month of the year from 1 to 12 (January to December).

•day RequiredA positive or negative integer representing the day of the month from 1 to 31.

Description:

• Returns the sequential serial number that represents a particular date.

Remarks:

• If the cell format was General before the function was entered, the result is formatted as a date instead of a number.

• Excel interprets the year argument according to the date system your computer is using.

• By default, Microsoft Excel for Windows uses the 1900 date system; Microsoft Excel for the Macintosh uses the 1904 date system.

• Excel stores dates as sequential serial numbers so that they can be used in calculations.

Errors:

NoneMicrosoft® Excel® Date Functions

=DATE(A2,B2,C2)

Microsoft® Excel® Date Functions

What is the serial date for the date in A2:C2, using the 1900 date system?

=DATE(A2,B2,C2)=39448

What is the serial date for the date in A2:C2, using the 1900 date system?

Syntax:

=DATEDIF(startdate,enddate,interval)

Arguments:

•startdate RequiredA date that represents the start date.

•enddate RequiredA date that represents the end date.

•interval RequiredThe type of day count basis to use.

Syntax:

=DATEDIF(startdate,enddate,interval)

Arguments:

•interval RequiredThe type of day count basis to use.

Description:

• Computes the difference between two dates in a variety of different intervals.

Remarks:

• If you have the interval in another cell referenced by the formula, that cell should not have quotes around the interval string.

• When calculating date intervals, DATEDIF uses the year of startdate, not enddate when calculating the yd, ym and md intervals

Errors:

#VALUE – If startdate or enddate are not valid dates#NUM! – If startdate is greater than or equal to enddate#NUM! – If interval is not a valid paramter (m, d, y, ym, yd, md)

=DATEDIF(A2,A3,”d”)

What is the difference in days between the two dates?

=DATEDIF(A2,A3,”d”)=210

What is the difference in days between the two dates?

Description:

• Returns the serial number of the current date.

Remarks:

• If the cell format was General before the function was entered, Excel changes the cell format to Date.

• If you want to view the serial number, you must change the cell format to General or Number.

• The TODAY function is useful when you need to have the current date displayed on a worksheet, regardless of when you open the workbook.

• The TODAY function is dependent on your computer’s system clock being correct.

Errors:

NoneMicrosoft® Excel® Date Functions

=TODAY()

Syntax:

=NOW()

Arguments:

Description:

• Returns the serial number of the current date and time.

Remarks:• If the cell format was General before the function was entered, Excel changes the

cell format to the same date and time format that is specified in the regional date and time settings in Control Panel.

• The NOW function is useful when you need to display the current date and time on a worksheet or calculate a value based on the current date and time, and have that value updated each time you open the worksheet.

• Numbers to the right of the decimal point in the serial number represent the time; numbers to the left represent the date.

• The results of the NOW function change only when the worksheet is calculated or when a macro that contains the function is run. It is not updated continuously.

Errors:None

=NOW()

Syntax:

=YEARFRAC(start_date,end_date,[basis])

Arguments:

•start_date RequiredA date that represents the start date.

•end_date RequiredA date that represents the end date.

•basis OptionalThe type of day count basis to use.

Description:

• Calculates the fraction of the year represented by the number of whole days between two dates (the start_date and the end_date).

Remarks:

• Use the YEARFRAC worksheet function to identify the proportion of a whole year's benefits or obligations to assign to a specific term.

• Dates should be entered by using the DATE function, or as results of other formulas or functions.

• All arguments are truncated to integers.

Errors:

#VALUE – If start_date or end_date are not valid dates#NUM! – If basis < 0#NUM! – If basis > 4

=YEARFRAC(A2,A3,A4)

What is the fraction of the year between the two dates?

=YEARFRAC(A2,A3,A4)=0.583333333

What is the fraction of the year between the two dates?

Age Calculation in Excel

• http://www.fontstuff.com/excel/exltut01.htm

• Uses nested IF statements:– =IF(MONTH(TODAY())>MONTH(A1),YEAR(TODAY())-

YEAR(A1),IF(AND(MONTH(TODAY())=MONTH(A1),DAY(TODAY())>=DAY(A1)), YEAR(TODAY())-YEAR(A1),(YEAR(TODAY())-YEAR(A1))-1))

• Most precise way to calculate a person’s age given that you have the requisite information about the person’s birth date.

Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Chapter 6:Business Networks, Telecommunications

and the Internet

MIS Textbook Question

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology enables us to conclude transactions and to make payments quickly.

A) True

B) False

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology enables us to conclude transactions and to make payments quickly.

A)True

B) False

Ref. p 198

Dial-up connections through regular phone lines and Ethernet computer network connections are examples of ____.

A) wideband

B) broadband

C)shortband

D)baseband

Dial-up connections through regular phone lines and Ethernet computer network connections are examples of ____.

A) wideband

B) broadband

C)shortband

D)baseband

Ref. p 199

Optical fibers can carry signals over relatively shorter distances compared to other media.

A) True

B) False

Optical fibers can carry signals over relatively shorter distances compared to other media.

A) True

B)False

Ref p. 201

____ connect computers, printers, and other computer equipment for an office, several adjacent offices, an entire building or a campus.

A) MANs (metropolitan area networks)

B) WANs (wide area networks)

C)LANs (local area networks)

D)PANs (personal area networks)

____ connect computers, printers, and other computer equipment for an office, several adjacent offices, an entire building or a campus.

A) MANs (metropolitan area networks)

B) WANs (wide area networks)

C)LANs (local area networks)

D)PANs (personal area networks)

Ref. p 203

The most important and pervasive set of protocols for telecommunications and networks today is called ____.

A) SDLC

B) FTP

C)TCP/IP

D)NNTP

The most important and pervasive set of protocols for telecommunications and networks today is called ____.

A) SDLC

B) FTP

C)TCP/IP

D)NNTP

Ref. p 207

The process of associating a character-based name such as course.com with an IP address is called domain name resolution, and the domain name resolution service is DNS (Domain Name System).

A) True

B) False

The process of associating a character-based name such as course.com with an IP address is called domain name resolution, and the domain name resolution service is DNS (Domain Name System).

A)True

B) False

Ref. p 208

When a call is placed on a cellular phone, the signal is first transmitted to the closest ____, which sends a signal through landlines that dial the desired phone number.

A) transistor

B) cell band

C) transceiver

D)cell transistor

When a call is placed on a cellular phone, the signal is first transmitted to the closest ____, which sends a signal through landlines that dial the desired phone number.

A) transistor

B) cell band

C)transceiver

D)cell transistor

Ref. p 197

The purpose of ____ is to provide mobile communication that is compatible with IP services.

A) IrDA

B) MBWA

C)Bluetooth

D)WiMAX

The purpose of ____ is to provide mobile communication that is compatible with IP services.

A) IrDA

B)MBWA

C)Bluetooth

D)WiMAX

Ref. p 211

This presentation contains relevant information from MIS Chapter 6 as well as supplemental I.T. material about the Internet and Web contributed by all of the CIS100 professors.

Communications

43Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Communications

The process of sharing information, software,and hardware between two or more computers

Management Information Systems, Sixth

Edition44

Telecommunications in Business

• Telecommunications: transmission of information from one point to another often over large distances

• Telephone, e-mail, and the Web rely on fast, reliable telecommunications

• Networking technologies have brought about several improvements to the business process

• Professionals should understand technology concepts – To participate in corporate decision making– In order to select networking equipment and services

• Bandwidth and networking media

Telecomm in Business (con’t)

• Improvements made possible by telecommunications:– Better business communication, including e-mail, voice mail,

instant messaging, faxing, file transfer, mobile telephony, and teleconferencing

– Greater efficiency: information delivery is immediate and not constrained by geographical distance

– Better distribution of data: central storage with both local and remote access

46Management Information Systems, Sixth

Edition

• Improvements made possible by telecommunications (continued):– Instant transactions, using Web and wireless technologies

– Flexible and mobile workforce: telecommuting and wireless connectivity for remote workers

– Alternative channels: voice, radio, television now available via the Web also

• Network security is a significant challenge, especially when you connect to the outside world via the Internet

Edition

Telecomm in Business (con’t)

Telecommunications in Daily Use

• Cellular phones and PDAs

• Videoconferencing and telecommuting

• Wireless payments and use of RFID

• Peer-to-peer file sharing

• Web-enabled Commerce

Edition

Cellular Phones

• Name is derived from areas of service, called cells

• Each cell has a computerized transceiver

• Can transmit and receive calls almost anywhere

• Cell phones provide other capabilities, including:– E-mail and faxing

– Web access

– GPS

– Digital cameras

• Major advantage is mobility

Videoconferencing

• Videoconferencing: transmitted images and speech

• Brings together conference rooms that are thousands of miles apart

• Produces savings in multiple areas, including:– Travel

– Lodging

– Transportation

– Time

• Telecommuting for work

Edition

Wireless Payments and Warehousing

• Radio frequency identification (RFID): – Enables rapid transactions and payments– Used at gas stations for payment at pump– Used in vehicles for automatic road toll payment– Used to track and locate items in warehouses

RFID tag used for toll fee collection

Peer-to-Peer File Sharing

• Peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing: used to locate and download files from any online computer through Internet using applications such as:– LimeWire

– BearShare

– KaZaa

– Morpheus

• Used extensively to download music and video files, often in violation of U.S. copyright laws

Edition

Web-Enabled Commerce

• Increasingly fast communication allows organizations and individuals to: – Conduct business

– Research

– Market

– Educate and train

– Shop, purchase, and pay

• Entire industries have been created by the Web, such as online exchanges and auctions

Edition

Converging Technologies

• Convergence occurs in networking technology

• Cell phones can act as Web phones using VoIP - as the Internet links become faster, the use of VoIP will grow

• Television sets will connect to Internet, cable, and satellites concurrently

• PDAs function as televisions sets and phones

• Portable music/video players will communicate with PCs to download files and transmit to wireless earphones

• Cell phones will read RFID on products to compare prices and make purchases

Bandwidth - Terminology

• Bandwidth: speed (bit rate) at which data is communicated• Bits per second (bps): unit of measure for bandwidth

• Baseband: media carries only one transmission at a time• Broadband: carries multiple transmissions concurrently

• Several types of communications media

• Tangible media includes:

– Twisted pair cable

– Coaxial cable

– Optical fiber

• Intangible media includes:

– Microwave radio technologies

– Radio Frequency (RF)

56Microwave Tower

Media (con’t)

• Twisted pair cable: pairs of insulated copper wires twisted together– Twisting reduces electromagnetic interference (EMI)– Flexible, reliable, and low cost– Connects devices with RJ-45 connector plug– Called Ethernet cable or sometimes by specification such as CAT-5

Edition

Media (con’t)

• Coaxial cable: for cable television transmission– Used for Internet connections via cable

• Optical fiber: uses light to represent bits– Not susceptible to interference

– Can carry signals for longer distances

Edition

Media (continued)

• RF technologies: use radio waves

– Popular examples: Wi-Fi and Bluetooth

• Microwaves: high-frequency radio waves that

can carry signals with high accuracy over long

distances

– Weather conditions may degrade the quality

– Microwave signals can be transmitted by satellite links

Edition

Media (continued)

• Electrical power lines: electrical power grid can be used for telecommunications

• Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) or Power Line Communication (PLC): telecommunications through electrical power lines

• When choosing a network media, you should consider:– Availability and reliability– Current and potential bandwidth– Vulnerability to electromagnetic interference (EMI) or radio

frequency interference (RFI)

Edition

Media (con’t)

Edition

Networks and the Internet– Network - collection of computer devices connected together

Used to shareUsed to share

ResourcesResources

Hardware devices

Software programs

DataData Saves time and

Saves time and

moneyInformationInformation

Networks

• Network: combination of devices (or nodes) connected through a communication media

• Any compatible device that can transmit and receive on a network can be part of a network

Edition

Types of Networks

• Computer networks are classified by:– Reach

– Complexity

• Scalability: ease of expanding a system

• Personal area network (PAN): wireless network designed for handheld and portable devices– Used by one or two people

– Transmission speed is slower

– Maximum distance is about 10 meters (32 feet)

Edition

Types of Networks (con’t)

• Local area network (LAN): established by a single organization and shared among employees– Server-based LAN: a single computer with a network operating

system (NOS) controls the entire network

– Peer-to-peer LAN: no central device controls the communications between the two computers

Edition

• Wireless LANs (WLANs) offer advantages: – Easier installation

– More scalable

– More flexible: equipment can be easily moved

• WLAN drawback: wireless networks are less secure

Edition

• Metropolitan area network (MAN): – Links multiple LANs within a large city

– Typically uses fiber optic or wireless broadband connections between LANs

• Wide area network (WAN): – Far-reaching system of networks composed of several LANs or

– May be public or private

– Sometimes referred to as a Global Area Network (GAN)

Edition

• Value-added networks (VANs): – Not really a type of network, but rather refers to a specific third-

party vendor that offers enhanced services

– Provide reliability, management, and maintenance of networks for an organization

• Internet service providers (ISPs): – Used by individuals to connect to the Internet

– Preferred method of conducting e-commerce

– Less costly than VANs

Edition

What is the Internet?– An Inter-connected network - worldwide collection of networks that connects millions of

businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals

What is the Internet?What is the Internet?

• Interconnected Network – the Largest in the World

• Highly Complex “Backbone” Structure

• Consists of Millions of Servers Around the Globe

• Decentralized Design - Independent Host Computers

• Originated with U.S. Dept. of Defense (ARPANet)-1969

• Advanced by National Supercomputer Center

• Experiencing Rapid Growth on a Global Scale

Accessing the NetAccessing the Net

• Hardware - PC, Modem, and Network Link

• Internet Service Providers (ISP)– Comcast & SBC – 29.1 million users

– AOL, Earthlink, Qwest, RoadRunner, etc…

• Local, Regional, National ISP's (about 10,000 in all)– FindAnISP => www.findanisp.com

– The List => www.thelist.com

Accessing the NetAccessing the Net

• Broadband – High Speed Access (56 million users in U.S.)– Cable

– xDSL

– Wireless

– Fiber Optic

At the end of 2007 , about 16.4% ofU.S. households were wireless only

ISPs - FeaturesISPs - Features

• Ease of Installation

• Call Success Rate

• Broadband Access

• Network Download Speed

• Availability and Reliability

• Free Mailboxes and Personal Web Space

• Personalized Home Pages

• Customer Support

How Does Data Travel?How Does Data Travel?

• Client / Server Relationship - WAN Backbone

• Traffic Travels in Small Pieces Called Packets

– Routers Move Packets on Fastest Available Path

– Larger Messages Often Split - Packet Switching

• Communications Protocol for Internet - TCP/IP

– Internet Protocol Addresses - 136.165.253.10

– Domain Name - louisville.edu

Domain StructuresDomain Structures• Domain Name System (DNS) Server

– Route requests to the assigned Internet Protocol (IP) address

• Top-Level Domains– .com Commercial, Business, Company– .edu Educational Institution– .gov Government Agency– .mil Military Organization– .net Network or ISP– .org Non-Profit Organization– .int International Treaty Organizations– .arpa For addressing and routing parameters

– .tv New meaning to old phrase “boob tube”

Domain StructuresDomain Structures• ICANN assigns Names and Numbers• Latest Domain Abbreviation Additions

– .aero Airline and Aerospace– .biz Other Business or Firm– .coop Cooperatives (750,000)– .info 19 Domain Name Registrars– .name Personal Web Sites and E-mail– .museum Accredited Museums– .pro Professionals - Lawyers, Doctors

Key ComponentsKey Components

• Electronic Mail (E-mail) and Mailing Lists

• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and Telnet

• Newsgroups (Usenet) and List Servers

• Chat Rooms– “I Seek You” (ICQ)

– AOL - Instant Messaging (AIM)

– Computer Conferencing (IRC)

• World Wide Web (WWW) and Web Portals

Worldwide WebWorldwide Web

• Way to Organize Vast Array of Info Resources– Textual Documents

– Graphical Images

– Video

– Animation

– Sound

• Relatively Easy to Navigate from Site to Site

• Often Referred to as “Browsing” or “Surfing”

• The graphical interface which we use to “Browse”

• Created in 1991 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee at CERN

Worldwide Web

A Web site is a collection of

related Web pages

A Web site is a collection of

related Web pages

A Web page contains text, graphics, audio, video, and links to other Web pages

You can share information by

creating Web pages or posting photos on

a photo sharingcommunity

You can share information by

creating Web pages or posting photos on

a photo sharingcommunity

Billions of documents, called Web pages, available to anyone connected to the Internet

A blog consists of time-stamped articles in

a journal format

A blog consists of time-stamped articles in

a journal format

A podcast is recorded audio

stored on a Web sitethat can be

downloaded

A podcast is recorded audio

stored on a Web sitethat can be

downloaded

Web ServersWeb ServersPercent of MarketPercent of Market

Source: http://news.netcraft.com/archives/web_server_survey.htmlSource: http://news.netcraft.com/archives/web_server_survey.html

Web BrowsersWeb Browsers

• Software which Provides Graphical Interface• Dozens of Browsers Available

– Microsoft Internet Explorer Leads the Market– Mozilla Firefox (v3) is a Great Choice– Others: AOL, Chrome, Lynx, Mosaic, Opera, Safari

• Key Features– Bookmarks for Favorite Sites– Electronic Mail (E-mail)– Newsgroup Reader

Browser Market ShareBrowser Market Share

http://marketshare.hitslink.com/firefox-market-share.aspx?qprid=0&sample=28Management Information Systems, Sixth

Edition83

Web Plug-InsWeb Plug-Ins

• Downloads to enhance your browsing experience

Adobe Reader

Adobe Flash Player

Adobe Shockwave

Apple Quicktime

Real Player

Sun Microsystems Java

Windows Media Player

Multimedia on the WebMultimedia on the Web

• Graphics– Common Formats - JPEG, GIF

– Others - PNG, TIFF, PCX, BMP

• Animation - animated GIF

• Audio – AVI, WAV, AU, MP3

• Video – MPEG3, MPEG4

• Virtual Reality - VRML

Source: http://www.ct4me.net/images/Multimedia.gif

Keep Me Updated

Really Simple Syndication (or simply RSS) is a family of Web feed formats used to publish frequently updated works such as blog (Web log) entries, news headlines, audio, and video in a standardized format.

Content FilteringContent Filtering

• Software Products to Restrict Access– CyberPatrol 7.0– SafeSurf– Net Nanny

• Scanning Options– List of “Offensive” Sites– Inappropriate Words– Positive Filtration

• ISP => www.bsinet.net

• McAfee Parental Controls• Norton Parental Control• PAL Computer

Surveillance

Electronic MailElectronic Mail

• Most Popular Feature of the Net– Cost-Effective

– Highly Efficient

• Sending and Receiving E-mail– Virtually Unlimited Communication with Others

– Requires an Address (yourname@node.TLD)

– Ability to Attach any Type of Digitized File

• Sometimes can be Quite Slow

• Delivery not Guaranteed

Source: http://www.perb.state.ny.us/images/email.gifManagement Information Systems, Sixth Edition

E-mail SoftwareE-mail Software• Requires a Client Program

– Features - Create, Read, Attach File, Address Book

– Products - Eudora, Netscape, Notes, Outlook, Pegasus

• Mail Servers– Messages Stored in a Server Mailbox and Accessed

a Web Service (GMail, Hotmail, OneBox, Yahoo!)

– Sun Microsystems - Internet Mail Server

– Microsoft - Exchange Server

– Protocols - POP / POP3 (Download), SMTP (Upload)

E-mail “Netiquette”E-mail “Netiquette”

• Keep Your Replies Clear and Concise

• Use Short Sentences and Paragraphs

• Place a Blank Line After Each Paragraph

• Use Common Acronyms and Abbreviations

• DON’T USE ALL CAPITAL LETTERS!!!

• Refrain from Lots of Quoted Material

• Try to Stick with One or Two Basic Ideas

• Avoid Sending or Posting “Flames”

EmoticonsEmoticons

Wink ;) ;-)

Smile :) :-)

Frown :( :-(

Laugh or Grin :D :-D

Surprised :o :-o

Kiss :* :-*

Lips Are Sealed :x :-x

Sticking Out Tongue :P :-P

Common Abbreviations…LOL!

• ROFL…………….Rolling on the Floor Laughing• LMAO……………Laughing My A$$ Off• LTMQ……………Laughing To Myself Quietly• JJ, JK…………… Just Joking, Just Kidding• WTF……………...What The Flip• BTW……………...By The Way• BRB………………Be Right Back• TTYL……………..Talk To You Later• ILY………………..I Love You• CUL8R……………See Ya Later!

Top Five Search Sites for 2010Top Five Search Sites for 2010

• Google 71.43%

• Yahoo! 14.43%

• Bing 9.86%

• Ask 2.32%

• AOL 1.19%Give Microsoft’s new Bing intelligent search engine a try - you will likely be impressed!

Search EnginesSearch Engines

• Selecting a Search Engine => NoodleTools Resources

• Enter Key Word(s) as search criteria

• Click hyperlink to navigate to the desired URL

• Refine Search Criteria as desired 37.com• More Tips - using Advanced Help

• Over 1 trillion Web pages now indexed

Advanced SearchAdvanced Search

• All the Web => http://www.alltheweb.com/advanced?advanced=1&

• Bing Explore => http://www.bing.com/explore?FORM=BXLH

• Exalead => http://www.exalead.com/search/web/

• Google - Palm Edition => www.google.com/pda

• Images => www.altavista.com/image/default

• Open Directory Project => www.dmoz.org

• Yahoo => http://search.yahoo.com/web/advanced

Some Top-Rated Web Sites

• 100 Best Web Sites => www.100bestwebsites.org• PCMag Top 100 of 2010 =>

http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2367622,00.asp • Forbes Best of the Web => www.forbes.com/bow• Most Addictive =>

http://netforbeginners.about.com/od/weirdwebculture/tp/The-Most-Addictive-Websites.htm

• Time Magazine 50 Best 2009 => http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/0,28757,2012721,00.html

• Web 100 => www.web100.com

File Transfer ProtocolFile Transfer Protocol

• Facilitates Upload and Download of Files

• Provides Access to Large Number of Databases

• Login as Anonymous with E-mail Address

• FAQ => www.ftpplanet.com/ftpresources/ftp_faq.html

• Search FTP Sites– ArchiePlex => www.uhb.fr/services/archieplex.html

– Fast FTP Search => www.lanet.lv/cgi-bin/archieplex

– Monster FTP List => www.ftpsearchengines.com

GophersGophers

• Internet Navigation via Menu-Based Selection

• Simple Protocol for Tunneling the Net

• Searching “Gopherspace”

– Galaxy => www.galaxy.com

– U of M Gophers => www1.umn.edu

– VERONICA (Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Netwide Index to

Computerized Archives ) www.netlingo.com/lookup.cfm?

term=gopherspace

List ServersList Servers

• Basically a Mailing List

• Function Similar to Newsgroups

• Not Intended for Advertising

• Internet Chat Rooms

– Approximately 40,000 Unique Channels

– Internet Relay Chat (IRC) => www.icq.com

– IRC Networks and Server List => www.irchelp.org

Source: http://www.thechatfieldgroup.com/graphics/services_bott.jpgManagement Information Systems, Sixth

Edition99

Usenet NewsgroupsUsenet Newsgroups

• Discussion Groups Covering Virtually Every Topic

• Like Bulletin Boards - Open to Anyone with Access

• Share Information and Opinions on Almost Anything

• Differ Widely in Subject and Style (30,000+) – Yahoo Groups => groups.yahoo.com

– Reference.com Search => www.reference.com

– Usenet => www.usenet.com

Social Networking

Newest addiction(s) for the masses…

• FaceBook

• FriendSter

• Flickr

• LinkedIn!

• MySpace

• SecondLife

• YouTube

Worldwide Internet Usagehttp://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm

Internet World StatsInternet World Stats

Why do users access the Net?

2. Research Information

3. Shopping

4. Personal Finance

5. Education

6. Entertainment

1. Communication (Email)

7. Download Music and Videos

8. Share Information

9. Obtain Software

10. Get Help

Web-based ActivitiesWeb-based Activities

Entertainment

Travel

Business & Finance

Health & Medical

Shopping & Classfields

Future of the NetFuture of the Net

• Cheaper, Faster Access– Moving from Dial to Broadband– Wireless - 2.4 GHz Cellular

• Integrated Data and Voice– Voice Over IP (VOIP)– IP-based Telephony

• Research and Development Projects– Internet2 (I2)– IPv6– Next Generation Internet (NGI)

Source: http://blaugh.com/cartoons/061121_back_in_my_day.gifManagement Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Summary

• Telecommunications is communication over distance

• Telecomm has changed businesses and consumer habits– Electronic mail

– Web-enabled Commerce

• Different media have different bandwidths

• Networks classified according to reach and complexity

• Telecommunications technologies are converging

• Increasing numbers of employees now telecommute from home or use videoconferencing at work to communicate

Chapter 7:Databases and Data Warehouses

There are two overall approaches to maintaining data: the traditional file approach—which has no mechanism for tagging, retrieving, and manipulating data—and the ____, which does have this mechanism.

A) database approach

B) data approach

C)datafile approach

D) indexed file approach

There are two overall approaches to maintaining data: the traditional file approach—which has no mechanism for tagging, retrieving, and manipulating data—and the ____, which does have this mechanism.

A)database approach

B) data approach

C)datafile approach

Ref. p 234

A database itself is a collection of several related files, but DBMSs do all the work—structuring files, storing data, and linking records.

A) True

B) False

A database itself is a collection of several related files, but DBMSs do all the work—structuring files, storing data, and linking records.

A)True

B) False

Ref. P. 236

The very fact that manipulation of the data requires a programmer is probably the greatest disadvantage of the ____.

A) information file approach

B) file approach

C)database approach

The very fact that manipulation of the data requires a programmer is probably the greatest disadvantage of the ____.

A) information file approach

B)file approach

C)database approach

Ref. p 234

To link records from one table with records of another table, the tables must have at least one field in common, and that field must be a ____ field for one of the tables.

A) composite key

B) main key

C) foreign key

D)primary key

To link records from one table with records of another table, the tables must have at least one field in common, and that field must be a ____ field for one of the tables.

A) composite key

B) main key

C) foreign key

D)primary key

Ref. p 240

Data is accessed in a database by sending messages called “protocols,” which request data from specific records and/or fields and direct the computer to display the results.

A) True

B) False

Data is accessed in a database by sending messages called “protocols,” which request data from specific records and/or fields and direct the computer to display the results.

A) True

B)False

Ref. P. 237

A ____ is the general logical structure in which records are stored within a database and the method used to establish relationships among the records.

A) database relationship

B) database model

C)database list

D)database catalog

A ____ is the general logical structure in which records are stored within a database and the method used to establish relationships among the records.

A) database relationship

B)database model

C)database list

D)database catalog

Ref. p 238

A schema describes the structure of the database being designed: the names and types of fields in each record type and the general relationships among different sets of records or files.

A) True

B) False

A schema describes the structure of the database being designed: the names and types of fields in each record type and the general relationships among different sets of records or files.

A)True

B) False

Ref. p 244

While a transactional database contains current data, which is disposed of after some time, the data in ____ is accumulated and might reflect many years of business activities.

A) data warehouses

B) data carts

C) information bases

D) information repositories

While a transactional database contains current data, which is disposed of after some time, the data in ____ is accumulated and might reflect many years of business activities.

A)data warehouses

B) data carts

C) information bases

D) information repositories

Ref. p 248

Because of capacity needs, organizations often choose ____ to store and manage data warehouses.

A) midrange servers

B) high speed networks

C)mainframe computers with multiple CPUs

D)workstations

Because of capacity needs, organizations often choose ____ to store and manage data warehouses.

A) midrange servers

B) high speed networks

C)mainframe computers with multiple CPUs

D)workstations

Ref. p 250

There are two phases involved in building a data warehouse from transactional data: extraction and transforming.

A) True

B) False

There are two phases involved in building a data warehouse from transactional data: extraction and transforming.

A) True

B)False

Ref. p 251

Largely sequential or indexed file structures

Virtually no mechanisms for tagging, retrieving, or

manipulating data

• Many constraints:

– Program-data dependency

– High degree of data redundancy

– Low data integrity

Accuracy Consistency Timeliness

The Traditional File Approach

What is a Database?

Definitions offered by Dictionary.com:

◦ A comprehensive collection of related data

that is organized for convenient access

◦ Arranged for ease of use and speed of searches as

well as retrieval of desired information

◦ May include a file cabinet, telephone book, etc.

◦ A computerized database has been likened to an

electronic file cabinet of information arranged

for easy access or for a specific purpose

Provides powerful mechanism for managing and manipulating data

• Data organized as entities

• Entity: an object about which an organization chooses to collect data, such as:

– People

– Events

– Products

• Keys are used to form links amongst entities

The Database Approach

Hierarchy of Data

Refers to the systematic organization of data

within a database, often hierarchical Bit (combination of binary digits – 0 and 1) Character (or Byte) – smallest component Field (or Data Element) – a column Record – group of related fields Table (or File) – group of related records Database – group of related tables

• Database fields can hold information, images,

sounds, video clips, etc.

• Field name allows easy access to the data

• Database management system (DBMS): a

specialized program used to:– Create databases

– Populate a database with data

– Organize, secure, and manage the data

– Manipulate data stored within a database

134Management Information

Systems, Sixth Edition

Database Software

Abbreviated as “DB” in technology circles

Database Management System (DBMS)◦ Used to Organize, Store and Retrieve Data

◦ Many software products available Freeware / Shareware / Open Source

Spreadsheets: Lotus 1-2-3, Microsoft Excel

Smaller applications use MS Access, MySQL, etc.

Industrial strength or mission critical applications typically

use SQLServer or Oracle DBMS software

DB Software - Microsoft Access

Widely available on Windows-based PCs Packaged with premium copies of MS Office Familiar look and feel (Windows-based) Relatively inexpensive vs. other DBMS Easy to construct a simple database Can build more complex structures It is a true relational DBMS

What is a Relational DB?

A collection of tables from which data can

be accessed in a variety of ways without the

need to further reorganize structure

Once relationships are established, we can

link the tables together to determine:

◦ Which students are enrolled in a class

◦ What products are sold in a retail store

◦ What stocks are in an investment portfolio

Database Structure

• Field– A single item of data common to all records

– Occurs as a specific column within a table

Database Structure

• Record– Collection of data about an individual item

– Occurs as a specific row within a table

Database Structure

• Table– A set of related records

– Also called a file (or perhaps even a worksheet)

• Query: a message to the database requesting data from

specific records and/or fields– Produces a subset of data matching the criteria

– Structured Query Language (SQL)

Accessing Data in a DB

A Microsoft Access query based on table on previous slides

• Databases must be properly secured– Not everyone should have access to all data

– Users will have different views of the database, based on the

data they are allowed to access

– Business unit managers establish security policies and

Database Administrators implement the rules

– Ownership (business unit) vs. custodianship (IT)

– A poorly secured database leads to many problems

– Much information subject to legal and regulatory constraints –

FERPA, HIPPA, SOX, etc.

Data Dictionary

• Special type of file within a DBMS

• Centralized repository of information about data such as meaning, relationships, format:– List of all tables in the database

– Number of records in each file

– Names and attributes of each field

• Most critical component of a DBMS, since it contains metadata for access and management

Database Design

• Should be done by qualified people such as

Database Administrators or DB Analysts

• Questions that need to be asked include:– What do we have? (Input)

– What do we want? (Output)

– What do we need to get there? (Process)

– What needs to be kept? (Store)

– How are we going to build it? (Program)

– Who uses the data and how? (Security)

Who Collects Data and Why?

• Businesses– To be competitive– Data becomes a strategic asset – Marketing firms and banks want to know more about:

• customers

• competitors, and

• themselves

• Research/Scientific institutions• Government

– Biometrics: fingerprint and retina scan– Protect against terrorism– Identify tax fraud

Where does data come from?

• Retail transactions

– Supermarkets - inventory updated

– Credit card transaction recorded

– Loyalty/discount card used

– Purchases at gas stations

• Manufacturing, operations, production

• Research – corporate, government, and

educational institutions

What is Data Mining?

• Finding and extracting interesting data to

make decisions and predict outcomes

• Databases

– Transactional / Operational / Production

– Scientific and engineering

– Object-oriented

• Data warehouses

• World Wide Web (WWW)

• Target marketing, market basket analysis, and

consumer profiling

– Finding “model” customers who have similar

characteristics - interests, income, spending

– Determine which customers buy what products

• Forecasting and customer retention

– Identifying customers who are likely to switch the

phone service

– Then giving them the right incentives to stay

Data Mining Applications

• Risk analysis and management– Assessing the financial viability of companies

• Fraud detection and management– Auto insurance, money laundering, telephone fraud, credit

card fraud

– Identify people who stage accidents to collect on insurance

– Detect illegitimate credit cards transactions

• Loan granting decisions– Financial institutions – assess creditworthiness of customers

for home mortgages and other loans

More Data Mining Applications

Three-Tier Architecture

Client◦ Presentation layer (usually a GUI), simple logic for

control purposes, input validation, etc.

◦ May be a “thin” (browser only) or “fat” PC

Application (or Web)◦ Processing logic for business rules and data access

◦ A “farm” consists of more than one server

Database◦ Organize, store and retrieve business data

• Organizations collect vast amounts of data

• Database approach has several advantages over

traditional file approach

• Hierarchy of data

• Metadata and data dictionary

• Database management system (DBMS): tool to

construct databases

• Three-tier architecture

Summary

THANK YOU

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