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16070
ISSN 2286-4822
www.euacademic.org
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH
Vol. II, Issue 12/ March 2015
Impact Factor: 3.1 (UIF)
DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+)
Chronological and an Inside Layer Analysis of Tiger
Landscape Complex in India
BHANWAR VISHVENDRA RAJ SINGH Research Scholar
Department of Geography
Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi
New Delhi, India
Dr. ANJAN SEN Assistant Professor
Department of Geography
Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi
New Delhi, India
Abstract:
Globalisation has become extremely difficult for tigers,
leopards, lions, jaguars and all other wild cats that used to be masters
of their environment. The tiger is the top consumer of a terrestrial
ecosystem. While tiger population decrease day by day in globalisation
era. Therefore the great cat is facing danger of becoming extinct in the
Tiger-land. This is paper showing what is current situation going on
Tiger population, Tiger habitat (2006 to 2010) and last three year
(2011, 2012 and 2013) tiger mortality rate due various causes.
Meanwhile main emphasis is on tiger landscape complex in all over
India. In India there are six tiger landscape complexes. Every tiger
landscape complexes have a different characteristic. But main focus on
tiger population and Tiger habitat in all tiger landscape complexes. In
the all landscape drastically change through anthropogenic activates
and natural activate in Tiger population and Tiger hotspots. In this
research paper presenting through Arc-GIs, Arc-Info, Erdass
Software’s and also some statistical tools used for graphical. So in this
paper focus on tiger population, is it flourishing or shrinking? And
tiger habitat, is it Increasing or decreasing in Indian landscape? But
result came out healthy for tiger conservation. So that why we are
doing invest million dollar efforts for tiger conservation because of it is
Bhanwar Vishvendra Raj Singh, Anjan Sen- Chronological and an Inside Layer
Analysis of Tiger Landscape Complex in India
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. II, Issue 12 / March 2015
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main umpire of food web or food chain of our ecosystem. But India and
as well as the world If these trends continue, the wild tiger may evolve
from being an endangered species and off the endangered species list to
become an extinct species.
Key words: Tiger habitat, Tiger land, Tiger landscape complex, Tiger
hotspot, Tiger supports livelihood, Tiger population, Tiger mortality
rate, Tiger Resorts.
ABBREVIATION
1. NTCA- The National Tiger Conservation Authority
2. MoEF- The Ministry of Environment and Forests
3. WWF- World wild life fund,
4. WPSI- Wildlife protection society of India
5. TB- Tiger tribe
Introduction:-
Nature can be seen as beautiful and harmonious but it also
inspires fear in man who has had to fight it in order to survive.
Now, nature is threatened by man who has become detached
from it. Technology has endowed humans with the power of a
major geological agency, which may act on a continental or even
planetary scale (e.g. acid rain, photochemical smog, radioactive
contamination, stratospheric ozone depletion, climate change).
Ph. Bourdeau, (2004).
These man-made environmental problems cannot all be
solved by technology alone. Changes in human behaviour are
necessary, hence the need for codes of conduct based on the
ethics of the environment. The relationship between man and
nature must be reconsidered. What is nature, what is the
environment? Nature is the whole of the physical world, it is
also what exists outside of any human action. Man is in nature
Bhanwar Vishvendra Raj Singh, Anjan Sen- Chronological and an Inside Layer
Analysis of Tiger Landscape Complex in India
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. II, Issue 12 / March 2015
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but he acts upon it, thereby emancipating himself of it. He is
part and apart of nature.
Recently Animal Planet is surveyed, the tiger was voted
the world's favourite animal, narrowly beating the dog. More
than 50,000 viewers from 73 countries voted in the poll. Tigers
received 21% of the vote, dogs 20%, dolphins 13%, horses 10%,
lions 9%, and snakes 8%, followed by elephants, chimpanzees,
orangutans and whales. (Animal Planet, 2011)
Therefore why we are doing million dollars investment
for this wild animal? Because of, there are many advantageous
through this species for flora–fauna. Such as, Tiger Supports
Livelihood: - Tourism is the world’s biggest industry. On the
Eco tour front, the tiger is a star attraction for ecotourism. The
look in the eyes of a canter that has just come out of a National
Park after sighting a tiger is very different from the look and
feel of a canter that could not sight any. This eventually
impacts the tourist influx thus impacting everyone from the
tour companies to the local tour guides. A healthy tiger
population thus supports livelihoods. Second one Tiger
Protects Genetic Diversity: - Tiger is an umbrella species.
Its conservation automatically ensures the conversation of a
large number of flora and fauna and entire ecosystems. Thus, a
properly planned tiger conservation programme is actually a
programme to protect and save large number of species.
However, a dwindling tiger population and news of declining
number of tigers only implies an immediate threat to what is
remaining of our natural ecosystems. A healthy tiger
population thus also protects all that remains of our natural
ecosystems. Third one Tiger brings Rain: - A tiger is both a
guardian and an indicator of healthy forests. Few understand
that a live bird or insect is far more important to the economy
than a dead one. A live tiger brings rain a dead one brings
nothing but devastation. Forth one Tigers Prevent Climate
Change: - A healthy tiger population lives in large forests –
which are nothing but the natural sinks of Carbon. The more
Bhanwar Vishvendra Raj Singh, Anjan Sen- Chronological and an Inside Layer
Analysis of Tiger Landscape Complex in India
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. II, Issue 12 / March 2015
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tigers we can save, the healthier reserves we have, and larger is
our national carbon sink. A tiger should therefore be entitled to
carbon credits in the form of protection. Fifth one Tiger is a
symbol of our National Pride.
The tiger, one of the most magnificent animals in the
world, is also one of the most endangered species in the world.
Tigers (Panthera tigris) were once widely distributed across the
riverine grasslands and forests of Asia. As human populations
converted the rich alluvial plains to agricultural lands, tigers
gradually became confined to the forests of the region. There
were, however, still an estimated 40,000 tigers on the Indian
subcontinent in the early 1900s (Gee 1964). A cat of beauty,
strength, and majesty, the tiger is master of all and subject to
none except humans. Of the eight original subspecies of tigers,
three have become extinct within the last 60 years and there
are less than 50 South China tigers left on this planet few and
possibly none survive in the wild.
At this range of population sizes, stochastic genetic,
demographic, and ecological events can have a strong effect on
population dynamics (Shaffer 1981; Frankel & Soule1981).
Tigers increasingly compete with expanding human
population and industry for land and food, and many are killed
by poachers who sell their skins and body parts as ingredients
for traditional Chinese medicines. If these trends continue, the
wild tiger may evolve from being an endangered species and off
the endangered species list to become an extinct species.
19th century ago tiger population in the whole world was
healthy and mostly tigers are found in whole Asia, from Turkey
in the west to the eastern coast of Russia. But last 100 years,
they have lost 93% of their historic range, and have been
extirpated from southwest and central Asia, from the islands of
Java and Bali, and from large areas of Southeast and Eastern
Asia. Today, they range from the Siberian taiga to open
grasslands and tropical mangrove swamps. The remaining six
tiger subspecies have been classified as endangered by IUCN.
Bhanwar Vishvendra Raj Singh, Anjan Sen- Chronological and an Inside Layer
Analysis of Tiger Landscape Complex in India
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The global population in the wild is estimated to number
between 3,062 and 3,948 individuals, down from around
100,000 at the start of the 20th century, with most remaining
populations occurring in small pockets isolated from each other.
Major reasons for population decline include habitat
destruction, habitat fragmentation and poaching. Since 1990 an
additional factor, the significant Asia-wide increase in tiger
poaching (Jackson 1993; Miquelle et al. 1993), has seriously
threatened the survival of already small populations (Kenney et
al.1995). The extent of area occupied by tigers is estimated at
less than 1,184,911km2 (457,497sq mi), a 41% decline from the
area estimated in the mid-1990s.
In India, the Royal Bengal tiger is found practically
throughout the country, from the Himalayas to Cape Comorin,
except in Punjab, Kutch and the deserts of Rajasthan. In the
northeast, its range extends into Burma. Tigers occupy a
variety of habitats including tropical evergreen forests,
deciduous forests, mangrove swamps, thorn forests and grass
jungles.
The Royal Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris), the national
animal of India is an incredible sight. The Bengal tiger (Royal
Bengal tiger) is a subspecies of tiger, found across the Indian
subcontinent. The Royal Bengal Tiger is a super predator and
important member of the carnivores that once roamed and
dominated all of South East Asia.
Today, due to habitat loss caused by deforestation, and
hunting by human poachers, the Bengal tiger is considered to
be an endangered species. Despite being the most common of all
the tiger species, there are thought to be around 2,000 Bengal
tigers left in the world.
Project Tiger has a holistic ecosystem approach for Royal
Bengal tiger. Though the main focus is on the flagship species
tiger, the project strives to maintain the stability of ecosystems
by also supporting abundant prey populations.
Bhanwar Vishvendra Raj Singh, Anjan Sen- Chronological and an Inside Layer
Analysis of Tiger Landscape Complex in India
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. II, Issue 12 / March 2015
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Project Tiger was launched in India in 1973, with the goal of
saving the tiger and its habitat in India. With an initial list of 9
Tiger Reserves, this Project went on to cover 28 Tiger Reserves
across the country, incorporating an area of 37,761 sq. km. The
Project Tiger seeks to ensure a viable population of tiger in
India for “scientific, economic, aesthetic, cultural and ecological
values and to preserve for all time, areas of biological
importance as a natural heritage for the benefit, education and
enjoyment of the people”. Though this Project tackled various
issues over the past 20 years, it had not been able to keep pace
with the rapid changes that have changed the tiger landscape
and increased human pressures.
In 2006, it was replaced by the National Tiger
Conservation Authority (NTCA). Despite all these problems,
India still holds the best chance for saving the tiger in the wild.
Tigers occur in 18 States within the Republic of India, with 10
States reportedly having populations in excess of 100 tigers.
There are still areas with relatively large tiger populations and
extensive tracts of protected habitat. We need to make a
concerted effort to combat poaching and habitat loss, if this
magnificent animal is to survive into the future.
Recently, Bor wildlife sanctuary (Maharashtra) which is
include for tiger conservation. Therefore there are 47th tiger
reserves in India (2014), which are governed by National Tiger
Conservation Authority.
World’s first tiger census in 1932, the world’s first tiger
census was carried out in the Palamau forests. It was based on
a pug mark count.
The Tiger Census report had classified the tiger occupied
forests in India into 6 landscape complexes, namely as the
Shivalik-Gangetic Plains, Central Indian Landscape Complex
Eastern Ghats, Western Ghats, North-Eastern Hills and
Bhramaputra Plains, Sunderbans Landscape Complex.
According to government sources tiger population is
going on critical situation. This chart is showing, what is status
Bhanwar Vishvendra Raj Singh, Anjan Sen- Chronological and an Inside Layer
Analysis of Tiger Landscape Complex in India
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. II, Issue 12 / March 2015
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of tiger population since 1972 to 2010? (Figure1.) When we
talked about 1972 that time we found only 1872 tigers left in
India due to lots of pouching and illegal trafficking. After
Indian government take a prominent action against poachers
and tiger traders for illegal trafficking. So that is why the wild
life protection act came in to force in 1972. After 1972 highest
tiger population (1989) found in India. After every year was
declining, while 2006 to 2010 tiger population 20 % increased.
The main growth in tiger numbers between the last two
censuses exercises (1411 tigers in 2006 and 1706 in 2010).
Figure -1, Source- National tiger conservation authority (NTCA)
Study Area:-
The study area is whole our country where project tiger is going
on. National tiger conservation authority (NTCA) is conducted
tiger census in every four year. There are six tiger landscape
complex. Such as The Shivalik-Gangetic Plains, Central Indian
Landscape Complex, Eastern Ghats, Western Ghats, North-
Eastern Hills and Brahmaputra Plains, Sunder bans. Tiger
population within these landscape complexes consists of
landscape units that still have contiguous tiger habitat and
contain one to many breeding population of tigers. Within each
landscape unit there exists a potential to manage some of the
tiger population as a meta-population.
Bhanwar Vishvendra Raj Singh, Anjan Sen- Chronological and an Inside Layer
Analysis of Tiger Landscape Complex in India
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. II, Issue 12 / March 2015
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The Shivalik-Gangetic plain landscape has an estimated
population of 297 tigers in six separate populations and they
occupy approximately 5080 sq. km of forested area. It is
comprises Uttrakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Utter Pradesh and
Bihar.
The Central Indian Landscape has an estimated population
of 451 striped cats distributed in 17 populations occupying
47,122 sq. km (11.6 %) of forests. It is comprises Rajasthan,
Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand.
The Eastern Ghat Landscape contains 53 tigers that are
occupying 7,772 sq. km of forested habitats, however, there is
about 15,000 sq. km of potential tiger habitat in this part. It is
comprises Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
The Western Ghat Landscape has an estimated population
of 366 tigers that are living in 21,435 sq. km (21%) of forests. It
is comprises Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala.
The North-Eastern Hills and The Bhramaputra Plains
landscape complex has the current potential tiger habitat of
about 51,000 sq. km. Report claims tiger occupancy in 4230 sq.
km of forests. In this landscape many of the tiger populations,
particularly those that roam outside protected reserves, are
fragmented, facing food problems due to dwindling prey base
and over-used habitat besides the intense pressure from
poacher it is comprises seven sisters.
Bhanwar Vishvendra Raj Singh, Anjan Sen- Chronological and an Inside Layer
Analysis of Tiger Landscape Complex in India
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. II, Issue 12 / March 2015
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Figure-2. Source- National tiger conservation authority, (NTCA).
The Sunderbans Tiger landscape complex is the smallest
isolated landscape that likely has a single population of tigers
with tiger occupancy in 1,586km2.
Methodology: -
Temporal analysis of tiger landscape complex in India paper is
bases on secondary data, which is provided by Project tiger and
National tiger conservation authority, (NTCA) regulated by The
Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), and also some
special data collection through such as world wild life fund,
(WWF) Wildlife protection society of India (WPSI), Tiger tribe,
and others organisation. In the present paper of methodologies,
we address the application of spatial temporal analysis for tiger
landscape complexes in India. The tiger population for a survey
by pug mark method in every four year.
Data analysis is part of research mythology, after data
collection analysis through Arc Gis and MapInfo, Er-dass
software and as well as some special statistics technique used
for making graphs and chart. The tiger population and Tiger
habitat area defines those units for which the which is suitable
Bhanwar Vishvendra Raj Singh, Anjan Sen- Chronological and an Inside Layer
Analysis of Tiger Landscape Complex in India
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. II, Issue 12 / March 2015
16079
for tiger habitat. Establishing study objectives is the, first step
is what is crisis is going on tiger population.
Remote sensing, geographic information systems, and
rapid assessment techniques to determine the presence of tigers
and the abundance of tiger prey are critical tools for analysis
and planning at landscape- and populationlevel scales. These
technologies provide a means of (1) mapping the distribution of
tigers at a resolution needed to determine the extent of
individual tiger populations and (2) monitoring these
populations to evaluate the success of conservation efforts.
Dinerstein et al. (1996)
Figure 3, chart of database and data analysis.
Result and Discussion:-
In the above bar Graph blue shaded region shows the number
of tiger during 2006 & Red shaded region shows the number of
tiger in the year 2010, (figure-4). In 2006 number of tiger in
Uttarakhand was 178 and in the year 2010 in the same region
number has increased to 227, whereas the strength of tiger in
Uttar Pradesh & Bihar are much lower than the number of
Tiger in Uttarkhand, although there is a slight increase in the
number of tiger in this year 2010. Although, the maximum
increase in the number of tiger is in the state of Uttarakhand.
Bhanwar Vishvendra Raj Singh, Anjan Sen- Chronological and an Inside Layer
Analysis of Tiger Landscape Complex in India
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. II, Issue 12 / March 2015
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The total strength of tiger in Shivalik Gangetic is 297 in the
year 2006 & 353 in the year 2010. (Figure-4.1)
Conclusion: Over the years extra care has been taken to
save the tiger, as a result frequency of tiger has increased over
the year due to anti-poaching campaign, increase of forestation
Awareness for tiger save, strict law and order and public
participation (Figure-4.1).
On the basis of above graph, it could easily be observed
that the strength of tiger is maximum in Madhya Pradesh
which is located in the central India followed by Maharashtra
and Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan. Number of tiger in the
other state like Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand is negligible
(Figure-4.2)
Conclusion: The above statement concludes that the
central India has more tiger population compare to eastern
coast hence, The Central India has more favourable climate,
forest, land-use and land-cover and condition for the growth of
tiger. (Figure-4.2)
The main states of Western Ghat are Tamil Nadu ,
Kerala , Karnataka from the above figure we can see that the
number tiger is maximum in the state of Karnataka (Tiger
State) followed by Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Total tiger found in
the Western Ghat in the year 2006 was 350+ and in the year
2010 it crossed the number of 420 hence, these states provides
favourable facilities and climate for the growth of tiger. (Figure-
4.3)
Bhanwar Vishvendra Raj Singh, Anjan Sen- Chronological and an Inside Layer
Analysis of Tiger Landscape Complex in India
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. II, Issue 12 / March 2015
16081
Tiger population in Tiger landscape complex wise, (2006-2010).
Figure-4.1
Shivalik-Gangetic plain landscape
Complex
Figure-4.2
Central Indian Landscape Complex
and Eastern Ghats Landscape
Complex
Figure-4.3
Western Ghats Landscape Complex Figure-4.4
North eastern Hills and Brahmaputra
Flood Plains complex
Population of tiger in north eastern hill has increased
drastically over the year Assam is leading the other states of
north east in tiger population followed by Arunachal Pradesh
and north- west Bengal. In the last four year the number of
tiger has increased drastically. It is a jump of 75+ from 70 to
145+ on the other hand, The Sunder Ban has also gained a good
population of tiger in the last four year (Figure-4.4).
Conclusion: - Finally we get healthy increment for tiger
population in all land scape in our country. Because of, there
are so many efforts such as Anti poaching campaign, increase of
forest cover area and awareness of save the tigers. Meanwhile
The Wastern Ghat tiger population was decreased due to
poaching illegal trafficking and decrease of forest cover. It
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20406080
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2006
2010
Bhanwar Vishvendra Raj Singh, Anjan Sen- Chronological and an Inside Layer
Analysis of Tiger Landscape Complex in India
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. II, Issue 12 / March 2015
16082
means, tiger conservation and regulatory bodies have
implemented good efforts.
This map is showing Tiger population is it flourishing or
shrinking? In all five tiger landscape complexes is flourishing
for tiger population but only the Western ghat is critical
situation for tiger population because of tiger population is
continuously shrinking. (Figure – 5)
Figure - 5. Source- National tiger conservation authority (NTCA).
Tiger area (km2) in Tiger landscape complex wise, (2006-
2010).
Figure-6.1
Shivalik-Gangetic plain landscape
Complex
Figure-6.2
Central Indian Landscape Complex
and Eastern Ghats Landscape
Complex
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
2006
20100
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
2006
2010
Bhanwar Vishvendra Raj Singh, Anjan Sen- Chronological and an Inside Layer
Analysis of Tiger Landscape Complex in India
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. II, Issue 12 / March 2015
16083
Figure-6.3
Western Ghats Landscape Complex
Figure-6.4
North eastern Hills and Brahmaputra
Flood Plains
In the above bar Graph blue shaded region shows the area of
tiger habitat during 2006 & Red shaded region shows area of
the tiger habitat in the year 2010, (Figure –6). In Uttrakhand
tiger habitat area was a 1901km2 in 2006 and in the year 2010
tiger habitat area goes to level 3,476 km2. And for the same in
Uttar Pradesh in the year 2006 area was 2,766km2, it was
reduced and dip to 2,511km2. Another region in Bihar, it was
510 km2 in the year 2006 and goes to 750 km2 which shows rise
in the year 2010. In totality we can say Shivalik- Gangatic
tiger complex, tiger habitat area in 2006 was 5,177 goes to
6,712 km2 this level. Overall, Shivalik- Gngatic tiger landscape
complex has much better potential for tiger conservation with
the help of efforts put by regulatory bodies.
The above graph shows that the tiger habitat in km
square during the year 2006 was more. Represented with the
blue colour where the area has decreased over the period in the
year 2010 that can be seen through the region with red colour
.Hence we can conclude that the wild life area has been
decreasing since the year, causing danger to the animals and
number of species, the root cause behind this could be poaching,
illegal trafficking, deforestation, over grazing etc.
The above figure shows that the total area reserved for
the tiger habitat in the Karnataka is more than the area
reserved for the tiger in the Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The efforts
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
2006
2010 0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
2006
2010
Bhanwar Vishvendra Raj Singh, Anjan Sen- Chronological and an Inside Layer
Analysis of Tiger Landscape Complex in India
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. II, Issue 12 / March 2015
16084
and policies of the government are taking care of the need of
maintaining the balance in ecosystem as well as food chain.
Tiger habitat area of north eastern hill has increased
drastically over the year. Assam is leading the other states of
north east in tiger habitat area followed by Arunachal Pradesh,
North- West Bengal and Mizoram. It is showing current
situation in North East and Brahmaputra region. It is good
indication for tiger population and tiger habitat in our country.
Conclusion: - We know deforestation is major problem of forest
area in our country. So in tiger landscape it is not good growth
for tiger habitat due to some causes such as natural and
anthropogenic activates. In shivalik- Gangetic and North East
hill area & Brahmaputra region forest area is increasing day by
day. But on the other side Central India & Eastern Ghat and
Western Ghat Tiger habitat is continuously decreasing. It is
shocking news for tiger population because forest area are very
necessary for tiger prey and as well as tiger species. If forest
area is increasing then automatically tiger population will be
increasing thus showing direct relation between tiger
population and forest area.
Figure – 7. National tiger conservation authority (NTCA).
Bhanwar Vishvendra Raj Singh, Anjan Sen- Chronological and an Inside Layer
Analysis of Tiger Landscape Complex in India
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. II, Issue 12 / March 2015
16085
This map is showing Tiger habitat, is it increasing or
decreasing in all landscape complexes. Shivalik- Gangatic and
North eastern hills and Brahmaputra flood Plains (Tiger K.m.²)
tiger habitat is increasing otherwise rest of tiger complexes all
is going on deforestation condition. Therefore tiger habitat is
decreasing in these complexes, (Figure – 7).
In India last three years 2011, 2012, and 2013 tiger
population is going on very drastically change due to Poaching,
illegal trafficking and others causes. And as well as a new find
out case study for tiger decreasing in India.
Recently this is best example for tiger death in India.
Because pat dogs virus threatens India's dwindling tiger
population. Canine distemper virus, common in dogs and
deadly to other carnivores, has killed at least four tigers in past
year. India is scrambling to protect its beleaguered tiger
population after several big cats tested positive for a virus
common among dogs but deadly to other carnivores. (Times of
India)
In this graph is showing last three years records tiger
mortality rate due to poaching, seizure, Road accident,
Infighting, outfighting, during rescue, electrocuting, In the
main cause of don’t know about how did tiger death. But
infighting is second one after following poaching, seizures etc.
(Figure-8)
Tiger mortality rate is showing through different causes
as....
Figure-8, Source, The wildlife protection society of India (WPSI).
Bhanwar Vishvendra Raj Singh, Anjan Sen- Chronological and an Inside Layer
Analysis of Tiger Landscape Complex in India
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. II, Issue 12 / March 2015
16086
Conclusion:-
Tigers are very prominent species for food chain. But nowadays
human population is increasing day by day as well as
anthropogenic activity so tiger habitat is very critical situation
in going on. Therefore it has been or will be hit of food chain.
Tigers gradually compete with expanding human population
and industry for land and food, and many are killed by poachers
who sell their skins and body parts as ingredients for
traditional Chinese medicines as well as whole world.
Once distribution data are known, this information can
be used to (1) devise land-use strategies, (2) calculate
population size, (3) predict changes in tiger distribution, and (4)
devise ecosystem- and landscape-scale biodiversity strategies.
If these trends continue, the wild tiger may evolve from
being an endangered species and off the endangered species list
to become an extinct species.
Although, temporally my study is limited from 2006 to
2010 time frame still it presents a vast diversity as far as tiger
population and tiger habitat is concerned. The given paper
shows a healthy account of tiger population from 2006 to
2010.As in 2006 tiger population was 1411 which jumped to
1706 in 2010, thus presenting an upward trend.
This upward trend in tiger population is sporadic if we
put it into the regional aspect. Among major regions of tiger
presence are Western Ghat as one Tiger landscape
complex,Central India and East Ghat as second belt and
Shwallik-Gangetic and North eastern hill as the third tiger
complex in which the first one is showing the downward trend,
the middle one is somehow maintaining the balance and
showing little or no change in population thus depicting the
neutral trend and the last one (Shiwallik- Gangetic and north
eastern hill belt) is showing remarkable increase in the tiger
population between the year 2006 to 2010.Now if focus on tiger
habitat in the regional aspect, it also shows some diversification
Bhanwar Vishvendra Raj Singh, Anjan Sen- Chronological and an Inside Layer
Analysis of Tiger Landscape Complex in India
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. II, Issue 12 / March 2015
16087
from the overall figure. Among the present tiger habitats in the
country Central India and eastern and western ghats are
portraying shrinkage while Shiwallik -Gangetic and North
Eastern region is showing a healthy increase. Above all these
figures about tiger habitat one area is presenting a regressive
declining that is Sunder ban, Though this condition is really
demising but some good efforts are being made by National
Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), for the conservation of
tigers and their habitats in which conducting census every four
year is involved. At present there are 47 tiger resorts in the
country in which the Bor in Maharashtra and Dihang in
Arunachal Pradesh are the latest one.
REFERENCES:-
1. Annual Report (2010-11), Ministry of Environment and
Forest, Govt. of India-2010.
2. Annual Report (2011), India Tiger Estimate 2010, Ministry of
environment and forests government of India.
3. Annual Report (2011-12), Ministry of Tourism, Government
of India-2011.
4. Annual Report, (2012) National Tiger Conservation
Authority, (MEoF).
5. Annual Report, (2012), WWF-India
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