christendom ii

“Christendom II”Post Classical Western Europe

By: Janet Pareja for AP World History, 2014

High Middle Ages

1000 – 1450

Change or Continuity?

POLITICSDecentralized SystemHoly Roman Empire

Church and StateExpansion

1. Continuity: Holy Roman Empire

2. CHANGE: Competition between Independent “States”

• France:

– Hugh Capet

– (Capetian Dynasty)

– Important role of Church

in society, government

– Dynastic Monarchy

– Language: FRENCH

England: Norman Conquest, 1066

William the Conqueror

• Battle of Hastings

• Bayeux Tapestry – 230 ‘ long

• Brought centralized

structure from France;

dynastic rule, aristocrats…

FRENCH language, culture.

• Domesday Book – Census,

Catalogue

“Normans” crossing the Channel

Look, it’s Halley’s Comet!

3. Quest for Power: Competition between Church and State.

Competition between Ruler and Elite.Competition between States.

Change or Continuity?

1075 – Investiture Controversy

• Who has the power to name new people to church positions, such as Arch-Bishop of Canterbury – a position that is also a counselor to the King?

• The InterdictionEngland placed under an Interdiction for five years between 1208 and 1213, after King John refused to accept the pope's appointee Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury.

• Papal Inquisition

CHANGE!!

1215 - Magna Carta

• King John forced to sign in a field at Runnymeade

• Separation of Church and State• Limited Power of the King• Reinstated power of Feudal Lords• Extended rule of law to Burgher

Class• Later… Parliament with Burghers

in house of Commons deciding trade & taxation; Lords advising king & presiding over legislative issues

England Attacked France:Hundred Years War

1337 – 1453

• French had conquered England in 1066. Now England already occupied French-speaking Brittany

• Joan of Arc – wakened asense of “nationalism” in France; England withdrew.

• One of biggest and longest wars in European history – but did not change much!

Italy• NOT centralized.

• Some Papal States.

• Some Northern City States– Florence, Venice, Genoa...

– Ruled by wealthy

bankers, merchants: NOT

Royalty!!

– Traded in Mediterranean

with Arabs…

Germany

• NOT UNIFIED- Small regional princedoms, duchies.

• Strong mercantile

cities, like in Italy.

• Traded NORTH

across Baltic and

between each other.

Spain

• Marriage of Ferdinand & Isabella, Aragon & Castile, UNIFIED SPAIN - 1469

• Reconquista – 1492• Columbus discovered

America - 1492• Inquisition• Started to build an

Empire on the Sea, & in New World!

• Court: continued some arts from pre-Reconquista such as Minstrels…

Russia• 1242 – Fell to Mongol

Invasion by Golden Horde.

• 200 years!

• 1400’s: – Ivan the Great

• Independence from Mongols

• Declared himself “Czar”

– Ivan IV (the Terrible)• Reign of Terror!

Frequent Conquest

EconomyAgriculture

Population

Cities

Trade

Medieval Economy: ChangeAgricultural Revolution, 1000 CE

– More land under production

– More crops, more variety – legumes, fertilizer

– More animals – food, beasts of burden, fish ponds

– Books about Farming – in vernacular: Almanacs

• Increased population of peasants

• Fewer hands needed on farms with new tech

• Surplus of Peasants: more born and lived

• Many entered the church, moved to cities, moved to

Eastern Europe looking for their own land

Effect of Environment?

New Class… BURGHER/ Bourgeoisie

On edges of manors, around churches or artisan clusters, at cross roads…

• Artisans – men AND women

– Baker, Cook, Smith, Weaver, Brewer, Tailor, Shoemaker…

doctors, lawyers, furriers…

• Merchants

• Services

City Life: CHANGE

Town Charter• Pay Lord a “tax” to live free in

town & specialize, earn own

livelihood

• Why did the Lord allow people

to leave the manor??? Who

would do the WORK??

So… Changed Social Hierarchy!

900- 1350 -Feudalism / Manorialismcontinued.

-Inequality built into system, accepted.

1000 – 1450-People left manors and created towns!

GUILDS• Forerunners of Town Halls• Each occupation had its own• Set prices, trained apprentices, socialized.• Competition over which had best guild hall

Women in Guilds?!• Weavers, Brewers, Bakers…women’s guilds.• Worked with husband:

– Smiths, Candles, Merchants, Physicians, Pharmacists…

• Femmes Soles – legal independence to own property, collect & keep rents, sell property.

• As towns grew and after Reformation, men came to dominate workforce, and women became helpers or homemakers.

Concept of Citizenship

• Northern Italian City States– Venice, Genoa, Pisa…

– Mediterranean Sea with Arab Merchants

• HANSA:– Hanseatic League

– Northern German & Norse merchant mariners – North Sea, Baltic, Russian Rivers…

TRADE!1. Surplus Produce

2. County Fairs, Regional Fairs

Social HierarchyThree Estates:

Those who Fight, Those who Work,

Those who Pray

Nobility: Those Who Fight• RULE!• More educated• CHIVALRY

– loyalty, honor, ethics, court behavior

– Protection of, respect for women

– “Chaste love” from afar– “Christian knights”– Arthurian Cycle

• Eleanor of Aquitaine, 1122-1204– Troubadors / minstrels – courtly love,

based on poetry of Moorish Spain

Eleanor of Aquitaine

-Wife of two kings: Louis VII of France & Henry II of England. -Mother of two more: Richard the Lionheart & “Nasty” Prince/King John. -Went on Second Crusadewith Louis - Ruled England temporarily in Richard's absence in the Holy Land.

Commoners: Those Who Work

• Obedient & submissive– Depended on Lord to eat,

work, live

– Depended on Church for Salvation

• Agriculture on Manor, Own field

• City Dweller with Specialty or Service

Those Who Pray

• Monasteries lost importance.

• Cathedrals Towns sprang up

• Competition for best

Gothic Cathedrals

• Education:

– Cathedral Schools Universities– “Latin Quarter”

– Taught only clerics, at first

POPES after 1000 CE: BELEAGURED!

• Losing power & influence over rulers, but still had wealth & power over masses– Investiture Contest, 1075– Crusades, 1095– Cardinals, Bishops advised Kings– Magna Carta – Pope tried to get it

rescinded– Inquisition & fighting heretics– Overindulgence & overspending during

Renaissance Protestant Reformation later

– Corruption & competition between families to be Pope

Medieval Women

Art & Architecture

Minstrels,Tapestries and Illuminated Manuscripts

Churches, Public Buildings in Cities

Yes, Wikipedia!

• Medieval art was produced in many

media, and the works that remain in large numbers include sculpture, illuminated manuscripts, stained glass, metalwork and mosaics, all of which have had a higher survival rate than other media such as fresco wall-paintings, work in precious metals or textiles, including tapestry.

Detail of The Effects of Good Government, a fresco in the City Hall of Siena by Ambrogio Lorenzetti, 1338.

Importance of Fine Materials

• Gold Leaf• Lapiz Lazuli for Blue Paint-

BVM• Ivory carvings• Vellum more expensive

than parchment – calf hide rather than sheep/goat

• Paper extremely expensive – available last centuries of the period (match book size or smaller)

Cathedral at Cologne

• Mountains

• Dense forests

• Seas

• The Dark

Monasteries gave way to

GOTHIC CATHEDRALSin cities…. 1200’s – 13’00’s

• 200 years to build• Countless lifetimes

& lives• Fortunes of

merchants, nobility, common people…

TechnologyDomes

Lateen Sail, ShipbuildingCompass, Paper

Map makingMath

GeographySugar and Plantations

IntellectualSocial Commentaries

UniversitiesScholasticism

“Natural Philosophy”

Literature

Social Commentary?

– Piers Plowman

– Canterbury Tales

Universities

Bologne, 1088; Paris, 1155;Oxford, 1166; Cambridge, 1209;Padua, 1222; Siena, 1240; Heidelberg, 1386…

“Philosophy”

• Crusades Arrival of Greek Philosophy: Aristotle

• Scholasticism –Integration of Aristotelian logic with Christianity– St. Thomas Aquinas – Proof

of God– Moses Maimonides – Torah– Averroes (Ibn Rushde) – “The

Commentator”

• “Natural Philosophy” –Reason applied to world around them = “Science” – Francis Bacon

BLACK DEATH

Early – Mid 1300’s

Renaissance1300’s – 1600’s