chnology and institutions te management information systems syst 406 dr. d. rateb

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IINNSSTTIITTUUTTIIOONNSS

TEE

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SYST 406 Dr. D. RATEB

ANDINSTITUTIONS

TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SYST 406 Dr. D. RATEB

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SYST 406 Dr. D. RATEB

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

ORGANIZATIONAL STUDIES

AND

WHAT CAN

LEARN FROM EACH OTHER?!!

ZEINAB ABDELFATTAHROAA ALIAN

MOHAMED EL DEMERDASHNAILA FATTOUHDANA HASHEMSALMA KABIL

YARA MANSOURTAREK SHAHIN

ZEINAB ABDELFATTAHROAA ALIAN

MOHAMED EL DEMERDASHNAILA FATTOUHDANA HASHEMSALMA KABIL

YARA MANSOURTAREK SHAHIN

ZEINAB ABDELFATTAHROAA ALIAN

MOHAMED EL DEMERDASHNAILA FATTOUHDANA HASHEMSALMA KABIL

YARA MANSOURTAREK SHAHIN

ZEINAB ABDELFATTAHROAA ALIAN

MOHAMED EL DEMERDASHNAILA FATTOUHDANA HASHEMSALMA KABIL

YARA MANSOURTAREK SHAHIN

ZEINAB ABDELFATTAHROAA ALIAN

MOHAMED EL DEMERDASHNAILA FATTOUHDANA HASHEMSALMA KABIL

YARA MANSOURTAREK SHAHIN

ZEINAB ABDELFATTAHROAA ALIAN

MOHAMED EL DEMERDASHNAILA FATTOUHDANA HASHEMSALMA KABIL

YARA MANSOURTAREK SHAHIN

ZEINAB ABDELFATTAHROAA ALIAN

MOHAMED EL DEMERDASHNAILA FATTOUHDANA HASHEMSALMA KABIL

YARA MANSOURTAREK SHAHIN

ZEINAB ABDELFATTAHROAA ALIAN

MOHAMED EL DEMERDASHNAILA FATTOUHDANA HASHEMSALMA KABIL

YARA MANSOURTAREK SHAHIN

ZEINAB ABDELFATTAHROAA ALIAN

MOHAMED EL DEMERDASHNAILA FATTOUHDANA HASHEMSALMA KABIL

YARA MANSOURTAREK SHAHIN

INTRODUCTION

DEFINING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

DEFINING ORGANIZATIONAL STUDIES

INTRODUCTIONASSUMPTIONS

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATIONAL STUDIES ARE

TWO DISTINCT FIELDS

BOTH FIELDS PREVIOUSLY HAVE NOT BEEN INTEGRATED, AND SO COULD LEARN EQUALLY FROM EACH OTHER.

INTRODUCTIONCURRENTLY, HOWEVER, THE INFLUENCE

THE TWO HAVE ON EACH OTHER IS “LOP-SIDED”

INTRODUCTION

CONTRASTING IT AND OS:

IT OBJECTIVES OS OBJECTIVES

INTRODUCTIONTHE ESTIMOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES

IT OSPARTICULAR

GENERAL

PRACTICAL

THEORETICAL

THEY ARE COMPLIMENTARY DIFFERENCES

INTRODUCTIONTHE ARTICLE PROVES THAT THEIR

EPISTEMOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES ARECOMPLEMENTARY:

““ParticularsParticulars are important for theory building, and are important for theory building, and theorytheory is important for making sense of specifics.” is important for making sense of specifics.”

WHAT WHAT ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION STUDIES CAN STUDIES CAN

LEARN FROM IT LEARN FROM IT RESEARCH?RESEARCH?

MATERIALISM VS. AGENCY

MATERIALISM VS. AGENCY

IN THE 1960’s AND 1970’s, THEORISTS DEVISED THEORIES

OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN IT AND OS

There exist three main theories

1- Contingency Theory2- Media-Richness Theory3- Social Construction Theory

MATERIALISM VS. AGENCY

MATERIALISM VS. AGENCY

TECHNOLOGY AS A MATERIAL DETERMINANT OF AN ORGANIZATION’S

STRUCTURE…

“…“…The more The more complexcomplex and unpredictable the and unpredictable the technology, the more likely are organizations to technology, the more likely are organizations to adopt an adopt an organicorganic rather than a mechanistic rather than a mechanistic structure”structure”

CONTINGENCY THEORY

MATERIALISM VS. AGENCY

MEDIA-RICHNESS THEORY TRIES TO EXPLAIN INDIVIDUALS’ CHOICES OF COMMUNICATION MEDIA IN

TERMS OF A MEDIUM’S PROPERTIES.

Although the theory moves significantly towards the concrete and welcomes the actual properties of

technology, it undermines organizational cultures, group preferences, work practices, and symbolic

properties.

MEDIA-RICHNESS THEORY

MATERIALISM VS. AGENCYSOCIAL CONSTRUCTION THEORY

SHIFTS AWAY FROM THE ABSTRACT AND MATERIAL IMAGE OF TECHNOLOGY TO A VIEW OF TECHNOLOGIES AS FUNDAMENTALLY

SOCIAL OBJECTS…

…ACKNOWLEDGES THE ROLE OF HUMAN AGENCY IN TECHNOLOGICAL

CHANGE

BRIDGING THE GULF BETWEEN BRIDGING THE GULF BETWEEN MATERIALISM VS. AGENCYMATERIALISM VS. AGENCY

MATERIALISM VS. AGENCY:MATERIALISM VS. AGENCY:BRIDGING THE GULFBRIDGING THE GULF

WHEN “BRIDGING THE GULF”, ELEMENTS OF BOTH CONSTRUCTIONIST AND MATERIALIST

PERSPECTIVES SHOULD BE USED

MATERIALISM VS. AGENCY:BRIDGING THE GULF

EVERY TECHNOLOGY REFLECTS HUMAN AGENCY IN TWO WAYS

1.

ALL TECHNOLOGIES REPRESENT A PARTICULAR SET OF CHOICES

2. MULTIPLE USE OF TECHNOLOGIES ALLOWS THE

SHAPING OF THEIR IMPLICATIONS INTO

EVERYDAY PRACTICE

MATERIALISM VS. AGENCY:BRIDGING THE GULF

TECHNOLOGY’S MATERIAL PROPERTIES INFLUENCES HUMAN AGENCY

CONSTRAINS

AFFORDS

MATERIALISM VS. AGENCY:BRIDGING THE GULF

BRAVERMAN BELIEVED THAT TECHNOLOGIES DESKILL WORKERS

“…“…managers use designs and labor processes that managers use designs and labor processes that separate separate cognitioncognition from from executionexecution…”…”

“…“…relegating the latter to workers and the former to relegating the latter to workers and the former to managers and staff”managers and staff”

MATERIALISM VS. AGENCY:BRIDGING THE GULF

BUCHANNAN AND BODDY ARGUED THAT WHETHER TECHNOLOGY DESKILLED WORKERS DEPENDED ON THEIR ATTITUDES AND BACKGROUNDS…

…AND ON THE ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC CONTEXT OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL

STRUCTURE AND TECHNOLOIGICAL APPLICATION

AN ILLUSTRATION:COMPUTER-SUPPORTED COOPERATIVE WORK (CSCW)

CSCWCSCW EMERGED OUT OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION RESEARCH IN THE MID-1980’S

GENERAL PHILOSOPHY:

DESIGNERS COULD MORE ADEQUALTLY FORMULATE SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS IF THEY MAKE USE OF DESCRIPTIONS OF WORK PRACTICES MADE BY SOCIAL SCIENTISTS

CSCW“STUDIES OF SITUATED COORDINATION”

…EXAMINES HOW WORKERS ORIENT TO EACH OTHER AND TO THEIR TASKS USING EMERGING INFORMATION

AND TECHNOLOGIES AT HAND

WHAT IT RESEARCH CAN LEARN WHAT IT RESEARCH CAN LEARN FROM ORGANIZATIONAL STUDIESFROM ORGANIZATIONAL STUDIES

GENRES OF IT RESEARCHGENRES OF IT RESEARCH

GENRES OF IT RESEARCHGENRES OF IT RESEARCHSTUDIES OF THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

THESE TEND TO EXAMINE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES

SIMILAR TO STUDIES OF ORGANIZATION

GENRES OF IT RESEARCHGENRES OF IT RESEARCH

RESEARCH ON DEVELOPMENT DEPLOYMENT AND THE USE OF INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGIES

…STRONGLY INFLUENCED BY ORGANIZATIONAL

STUDIES

IT INVOLVES:

HOW TO DESIGN BETTER TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

MORE EFFECTIVE ADOPTION OF TECHNOLOGY BY USERS

Organizing and Managing IT Services

It researchers have found the work of organizational theorists useful in examining a variety of questions:

How should IT departments relate to other organizational functions?

How should firms recruit and retain IT Professionals

What are the best ways to develop and manage IT

infrastructure

GENRES OF IT RESEARCHGENRES OF IT RESEARCH

THE INSTITUTIONAL THE INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT CONTEXT

OF TECHNOLOGYOF TECHNOLOGY

THE INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXTTHE INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXTRECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ORGANIZATIONAL STUDIES

INSTITUTIONALIZATIONGLOBALIZATION

ENTERPRENEURSHIPPOST-MODERNITY

INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS

EXAMINES HOW BROAD SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL FORCES – LAWS, CULTURE – AFFECT, AND ARE

AFFECTED BY, THE ACTIONS OF ORGANIZATIONS

…”…”organizations, and the individuals who populate them, are suspended in a organizations, and the individuals who populate them, are suspended in a webweb of values, norms, rules, beliefs, and taken-for-granted assumptions, that of values, norms, rules, beliefs, and taken-for-granted assumptions, that are at least partially of their own making”are at least partially of their own making”

-Barely and Tolbert-Barely and Tolbert

THE INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXTTHE INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT

INSTITUTIONAL INFLUENCES…

THE INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXTTHE INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT

ENABLE

AND CONSTRAIN

…ACTIONS

ENABLE

AND CONSTRAIN

INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVES AND IT RESEARCH

THE INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXTTHE INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT

““An institutional perspective would offer IT researchers An institutional perspective would offer IT researchers a vantage point for conceptualizing the a vantage point for conceptualizing the digital economydigital economy……that is shaped as much by culture and structural that is shaped as much by culture and structural forces as by technical and economic ones.”forces as by technical and economic ones.”

TOWARD A MORE TOWARD A MORE TECHNOLOGICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL AND

INSTITUTIONAL VIEW OF INSTITUTIONAL VIEW OF TELECOMMUTINGTELECOMMUTING

TELECOMMUTINGTELECOMMUTINGDEFINING TELECOMMUTING

“…“…refers to using telecommunications lines, refers to using telecommunications lines, computers, and other office technologies (such as computers, and other office technologies (such as pagers, telephones, and faxes) to work from a pagers, telephones, and faxes) to work from a sitesite other other than one’s assigned than one’s assigned officeoffice.”.”

TELECOMMUTINGTELECOMMUTINGSTUDIES OF TELECOMMUTING

COMPARE TELECOMMUTERS TO TRADITIONAL OFFICE WORKERS

WITH RESPECT TO

JOB SATISFACTIONPRODUCTIVITYSOCIAL ISOLATIONSTRESSABILITY TO MANAGE WORK AND FAMILY ISSUES

TELECOMMUTINGTELECOMMUTINGISSUES CONCERNING TELECOMMUTING

TELECOMMUTING VIOLATES THE SEPERATION OF WORK AND HOME

iRoNiCaLLy IrOnIcAllY iRoNiCaLLy IrOnIcAllY iRoNiCaLLy IrOnIcAllY iRoNiCaLLy IrOnIcAllY iRoNiCaLLy IrOnIcAllY iRoNiCaLLy

WORKERS FEAR TELECOMMUTING: “IT WILL UNDEERMINE

OUR CAREERS BY MAKING US LESS VISBLE FOR PROMOTION

MANAGERS RESIST TELECOMMUTING: “WORKERS WILL EXERT LESS EFFORT WHEN

THEY ARE NO LONGER VISIBLE TO THEIR SUPERVISORS”

The practical Literature on Telecommuting revolves around 4 scenes

TELECOMMUTINGTELECOMMUTING

TELECOMMUTINGTELECOMMUTINGWITH REGARD TO THE STUDIES MADE…

Both IT and OSBoth IT and OS ResearchResearch UsingUsing DifferentDifferent TimeTime SpansSpans

NEITHER IT LITERATURE Nor OS LITERATURE ON TELECOMMUTING

“ENVISION REALITY”…

…INSTEAD, EACH DISCUSSES A SPECIFIC SITUATIONAL FEATURE WITHOUT “DEVELOPING AN INTEGRATED

UNDERSTANDING”

TELECOMMUTING REMAINS WRONGLY DEFINED AS A SUBSTITUE FOR OFFICE

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONINFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATIONAL

STUDIES ARE TWO DISTINCT DISCIPLINES THAT CAN LEARN SUBSTANTIALLY FROM EACH OTHER

UNDERSTANDING TECHNO-SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS REQUIRES KNOWLEDGE OF TECHOLOGICAL SYSTEMS,

SOCIAL PROCESS AND ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

The Article is far from promoting complete fusion of The Article is far from promoting complete fusion of the two fields. However, it merely claims that greater the two fields. However, it merely claims that greater Integration will be needed as we move into a Integration will be needed as we move into a post-industrial era that requires a fast and dynamicpost-industrial era that requires a fast and dynamicOrganizational structureOrganizational structure

THANKS, Y’ALLTHANKS, Y’ALL