chinese: a window on analytic processing. laurie beth feldman state university at albany, suny &...
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Chinese: A window on analytic processing.
Laurie Beth Feldman
State University at Albany, SUNY
& Haskins Laboratories
NIH HD 01994
Linguistic analysis in word recognition
Orthographies based on phonemes, syllables, morphemes.
English units of transcription are phonemesphonemes combine to form morphemes
Chinese units of transcription are characterscorrespond to syllablesChinese is not a syllabic system many character spellings for the same syllable
Symbols correspond to linguistic units: not treated monolithically
Chinese: A window on analytic processing.
Character = syllable
graphemic units smaller than the character (but not smaller than a syllable) exist even in logographic writing systems
80-95% characters are semantic-phonetic compounds phoneticsemantic
• Mapping syllable --> character (homophones)• Semantic components within Chinese characters• Phonological influences on semantic components
Homophony influences recognition
Chinese: set of 1273 syllables (across tones, excl. gaps)transcribed by 7000+ characters in common use
homophone families in Chinese vary greatly.range is about 40 /shi4/ to 1 /si3/
English syllables: more variability in onsets and codashomophone families in English are limited.
Homophony is greater in Chinese than English
Relation of orthographic and phonological form
English: phonemes O-P correspondence
int --> /Int/ or /aInt/
Homophones:P-O correspondence 1:5/it/ --> meet meet
meat feetmete elite
pete
Chinese: syllables
O-P correspondence
议 --> /yi4/ *
Homophones:
P-O correspondence 1:20
*number indicates lexical tone.
Manipulation of Homophony in Chinese
Large Smallcharacter pronunciation meaning character pron. meaning
意 /yi4/ meaning 突 /tu1/ sudden
议 /yi4/discuss
凸 /tu1/ protruding
益 /yi4/ benefit 秃 /tu1/ bald
亿 /yi4/100,000,000
易 /yi4/ easy
艺 /yi4/ art
忆 /yi4/ remember
Expt. 1: Does homophony influence recognition in Chinese?
Homophonic mapping: syllable --> character
Phonetic does not fully specify pronunciation.
Control ‘frequency’ of syllable and visual complexity
Collaborator: Shu Hua at Beijing Normal University
Haiyan Zhou at Beijing Normal University
Chinese ‘spelling’ task
Hear: /yi4/
See: 意– Judge: “yes”
Hear: /yi4/
See: 突– Judge: “no”
-------------------------------->time
Onset:
SS = Students at Beijing NormalUniversity, China
Manipulation of homophony and surface frequency
Target # Homophones Freq # strokes Σ fr eq homophones
ºË 15 137 10 117
»™ 16 12 10 140
∂à 2 138 9 114
‘Ì 3 9 9 118
Manipulation of homophony and surface frequency
Target # Homophones Freq # strokes Σ fr eq homophones
ºË 15 137 10 117
»™ 16 12 10 140
∂à 2 138 9 114
‘Ì 3 9 9 118
Manipulation of homophony and surface frequency
Target # Homophones Freq # strokes Σ fr eq homophones
ºË 15 137 10 117
»™ 16 12 10 140
∂à 2 138 9 114
‘Ì 3 9 9 118
Manipulation of homophony and surface frequency
Target # Homophones Freq # strokes Σ fr eq homophones
ºË 15 137 10 117
»™ 16 12 10 140
∂à 2 138 9 114
‘Ì 3 9 9 118
Manipulation of homophony and surface frequency
Target # Homophones Freq # strokes Σ fr eq homophones
ºË 15 137 10 117
»™ 16 12 10 140
∂à 2 138 9 114
‘Ì 3 9 9 118
550
600
650
700
750
high low
large small
Phonological- Orthographic syllable mapping influences performance in a ‘spelling’ task.
Frequency
ISI = onsetLow frequency targets show P-O homophone effectlarge = many characters; small = few characters
Chinese characters are compositional but not productive
34 % of words in Mainland Chinese texts consist of single character80-95% of characters are phonetic compounds
¡¿ ‘a lie’ pronounced /kwanj3/
semantic phonetic
‘words’ /kwanj/
®• …⁄
Phonetic components
4000 phonetics for 1273 syllables phonetic can behave differently in different character contexts26.3% of semantic-phonetic compounds are pronounced like
their phonetic
phonological information is • coded loosely at the level of the component• only in some characters• in phonological units greater than the phoneme• “typical” position is on right
Bivalent components
serve a semantic or a phonetic function.
米 means ‘rice’ and is pronounced mi3
糜means “gruel” pronounced mi2
Expt. 2: Do readers treat characters analytically?
Facilitation due to repetition of a semantic component in character recognition tasks.
Reduce overall semantic similarity of prime and target manipulate semantic transparency attributes of a component defined over many characters
Reduce overall form similarity of prime and targetalter position of component
Collaborators: Douglas Honorof at Haskins LaboratoriesShu Hua at Beijing Normal University
Character Decision Task
+ 250 ms + 250 ms
##### 500 ms
prime 250 ms prime 50 ms
target until response target until response
Target Prime TypeS+C+L-F+ S-C+L-F+ S-C+L+F-
S-C-L+F-Control
Character∞Â◊¿ »æ„ÂæÂ
Character meaning ‘board’ ‘desk’ ‘to dye’‘washone’shair’
‘tofear’
Character layout LR TB TB LR LR
Semantic radical ƒæƒæƒæÀÆ–ƒSemantic radicalmeaning ‘wood’ ’wood’ ’wood’ ’water’ ’heart’
Target Prime TypeS+C+L-F+ S-C+L-F+ S-C+L+F-
S-C-L+F-Control
Character∞Â◊¿ »æ„ÂæÂ
Character meaning ‘board’ ‘desk’ ‘to dye’‘washone’shair’
‘tofear’
Character layout LR TB TB LR LR
Semantic radical ƒæƒæƒæÀÆ–ƒSemantic radicalmeaning ‘wood’ ’wood’ ’wood’ ’water’ ’heart’
Target Prime TypeS+C+L-F+ S-C+L-F+ S-C+L+F-
S-C-L+F-Control
Character∞Â◊¿ »æ„ÂæÂ
Character meaning ‘board’ ‘desk’ ‘to dye’‘washone’shair’
‘tofear’
Character layout LR TB TB LR LR
Semantic radical ƒæƒæƒæÀÆ–ƒSemantic radicalmeaning ‘wood’ ’wood’ ’wood’ ’water’ ’heart’
Target Prime TypeS+C+L-F+ S-C+L-F+ S-C+L+F-
S-C-L+F-Control
Character∞Â◊¿ »æ„ÂæÂ
Character meaning ‘board’ ‘desk’ ‘to dye’‘washone’shair’
‘tofear’
Character layout LR TB TB LR LR
Semantic radical ƒæƒæƒæÀÆ–ƒSemantic radicalmeaning ‘wood’ ’wood’ ’wood’ ’water’ ’heart’
Target Prime TypeS+C+L-F+ S-C+L-F+ S-C+L+F-
S-C-L+F-Control
Character∞Â◊¿ »æ„ÂæÂ
Character meaning ‘board’ ‘desk’ ‘to dye’‘washone’shair’
‘tofear’
Character layout LR TB TB LR LR
Semantic radical ƒæƒæƒæÀÆ–ƒSemantic radicalmeaning ‘wood’ ’wood’ ’wood’ ’water’ ’heart’
S+ S-
Component Repetition with alternation of function
Semantic contribution of component in prime and targetreduce semantic similarity of characters (ratings)reduce form similarity
Phonological contribution of component in prime Semantic contribution of same component in target
attributes of a component defined over many charactersnot prime and target
Target Prime TypeS+C+L-F+ S-C+L-F+ S-C+L+F-
S-C-L+F-Control
Character∞Â◊¿ »æ„ÂæÂ
Semanticradical
ƒæƒæƒæÀÆ–ƒSemantic radicalmeaning ‘wood’ ’wood’ ’wood’ ’water’ ’heart’
Phoneticcomponent ∑¥ ƒææflS = Semantic Component C= repeated component L = layout of characterF= function of repeated component
Target Prime TypeS+C+L-F+ S-C+L-F+ S-C+L+F-
S-C-L+F-Control
Character∞Â◊¿ »æ„ÂæÂ
Semanticradical
ƒæƒæƒæÀÆ–ƒSemantic radicalmeaning ‘wood’ ’wood’ ’wood’ ’water’ ’heart’
Phoneticcomponent ∑¥ ƒææflS = Semantic Component C= repeated component L = layout of characterF= function of repeated component
Target Prime TypeS+C+L-F+ S-C+L-F+ S-C+L+F-
S-C-L+F-Control
Character∞Â◊¿ »æ„ÂæÂ
Semanticradical
ƒæƒæƒæÀÆ–ƒSemantic radicalmeaning ‘wood’ ’wood’ ’wood’ ’water’ ’heart’
Phoneticcomponent ∑¥ ƒææflS = Semantic Component C= repeated component L = layout of characterF= function of repeated component
Target Prime Type
S+C+L-F+ S-C+L-F+ S-C+L+F-S-C-L+F-Control
Character ∞ ◊¿ »æ „ æÂ
Character meaning‘board’ ‘desk’ ‘to dye’ ‘wash one’s
hair’ ‘to fear’
Characterlayout LR TB TB LR LR
Characterpronunciation /ban3/ /zhuo1/ /ran3/ /mu4/ /ju4/
Semantic radical ƒæ ƒæ ƒæ ÀÆ –ƒSemantic radicalmeaning ‘wood’ ’wood’ ’wood’ ’water’ ’heart’
Phonetic component ∑¥ ƒæ æfl
Phoneticpronunciation /fan3/ /mu4/ /ju4/
Average characterfrequency (SD) 265 120 133 75 70
Average number ofstrokes
9 10 10 9 9
S = Semantic Component C= repeated component L = layout of characterF= function of repeated component
Cross task comparison:
Forward masked: attenuated semantics
S+ = S-
SOA 250: greater effect semantic similarity
S+ ≠ S-
Character decision: semantic emphasis
Character naming: greater influence of phonology
Facilitation as a function of component transparency and function
525
550
575
600
SOA 250 SOA 60 mask
Character Decision
RT (msec)
S+C+L-F+ S-C+L-F+ S-C+L-F- Control
Facilitation as a function of component transparency and function
675
700
725
750
775
SOA 250 SOA 60 mask
Character Naming
RT (msec)
S+C+L-F+ S-C+L-F+ S-C+L-F- Control
Facilitation as a function of component transparency and function
525
550
575
600
SOA 250 SOA 60 mask
Character Decision
RT (msec)
S+C+L-F+ S-C+L-F+ S-C+L-F- Control
Summary: Linguistic analysis in character recognitionExp. 1: Chinese character = syllable (≠ phonemes)
Complexity O--> P mapping in a spelling task
Exp. 2: Facilitation due to component repetition:
≠ simple relatedness among characterswhole character relatedness is weak
≠ repetition of form change in component position ns
Relation of component to character Decision Nam.semantic (P-T) at longer SOA S+ not S- neither Ssemantic (P-T) with mask both S neither Schange function (P≠T) F- = C F- ≠ C
Conclusions for the non-Sinophone psycholinguist
Naming slowed when the same component appeared as a phonetic, then as a semantic
Interference reflects incompatible mappings:– Component —> phonology– Component —> semantics
Processing of the semantic cannot arise at the level of the whole character: it must be analytic
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