cherry ramp i “had to ’s” mark whalon guthion (azm) used ... · •eco-impacts •cost...
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Cherry RAMP I & the “Had To’s”Mark Whalon
• Had to work as a team.
• Had to learn how Guthion worked.
• Had to learn PC biology and ecology.
• Had to learn how Guthion replacements worked.
• Had to “think out of the box” & attack PC with a “diversified” approach.
• Had to develop a PARTNERSHIP with the USEPA.
Plum CurculioPlum CurculioPlum CurculioPlum Curculio
Guthion (AZM) Used for 35+ Years!
• It worked, that’s all we needed to know…
• Well, it’s a different world today!
• In the absence of AZM we will have to know much, much more to control PC…
1. Biology, movement and reproductive ecology
2. Tailor control strategy to PC’s Biology in it’s Environment at the time we spray/treat…
3. Understand how our insecticide interacts with the environment, the targeted substrate and PC’s life-stage biology and its location in the environment
Guthion Reregistration: the Final Decision Came from EPA on October 28th, 2006…
Key Considerations:
• Worker Protection
• Residues
• Eco- Impacts
• Cost vs Benefits
• Alternatives
Other CompoundOther Compound
Replacements?
• Synthetic
Pyrethroids
• Carbamates
• Many other
New compounds!
Replacements?
• Synthetic
Pyrethroids
• Carbamates
• Many other
New compounds!
USEPA: Has a specific and well oiled Re-registration Process
Technically Guthion (AZM) Has Lots of Very Significant Reregistration Problems.
Technically Guthion (AZM) Has Lots of Very Significant Reregistration Problems.
Sweet and Tart Cherries
AZM Rate Reduction Phase Out Plan
2007-2009 2010-2012
Season Max 1.5 lbs .75 lbs
ai/acre/year ai/acre/year
• Aerial Applications Prohibited
• 60 ft Buffer Zone – Dwellings
• 60 ft Buffer – Water
• Pick Your Own – Prohibited
Apply Insecticide
Using Insecticides: 101
Issues:1- Enviro. Conditions2- Insecticide materials3- Adjuvant(s)4- pH of the carrier (H2O)5- Other materials?6- Target characteristics7- Sprayer Characteristics8- Dilution9- Tree Row Volume10- Etc.
Key Questions-What’s your target?-Where is your target?-Best way to “hit” or deliver your
insecticide to the target?-Characteristics of the delivered
material & your target in itsenvironment or setting?
- OR, How does the “material” you’re delivering interact with the target in order to achieve a desiredoutcome? NO WORMS In Fruit!
Plum Curculio Developmental Stages:
Egg
1st instar
Pupa
2nd instar 3rd instar4th instar
Summer generation adultSummer generation adult
Post Harvest Target Summer Adults1- Kill them or 2- Break Diapause & Prevent Over-
Winter Survival
Post Harvest Target Summer Adults1- Kill them or 2- Break Diapause & Prevent Over-
Winter SurvivalTarget Overwintering Adults
♀♀Target Adult
Prevent Egg LayingTraditional AZM Use
Target Adult Prevent Egg LayingTraditional AZM Use
Target Eggs Target
Larvae in Fruit
Target Larvae as they crawl
into soil
- AVAUNT
ACTARAASSAILImidanPyrethroid
- AVAUNT
ACTARAASSAILImidanPyrethroid
•Novaluron•Novaluron
Soil ApplicationSoil Application•Fungi & Nemas•Fungi & Nemas
Renee Pereault
-Esteem
-Esteem
2
Timing Sprays: The PC Phenology
Model
• Still Refining
• Much improved
• New Targets
– Eggs
– Larvae
– Prepupa
– Eclosed young
adults
– Summer Adults
M. Whalon, R. Pereault & J. Laubach
PC Phenology: Timing New Tools
• Spring Feeding
• Mating
• Egg Laying
• Larval Development
• Larvae Exit Fruit
• Pupation
• Summer Adult
Emergence
1918
2119
17
31 30 30 32
3739
49
55
45
56
64
61
6663 64 64 65
6365 64 63 63 64 63 63
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
145 170 195 220 245 271 296 321 346 371 396 421 446 472 497
DD base 50F after egg laying
He
ad
ca
ps
ule
wid
th (
um
)
Larval Development
W. Bryane, R. Pereault, M. Whalon & P. Nelsen
Plum Curculio Developmental Stages:
Egg
1st instar
Pupa
2nd instar 3rd instar4th instar
Summer generation adultSummer generation adult
Post Harvest Target Summer Adults1- Kill them or 2- Break Diapause & Prevent Over-
Winter Survival
Post Harvest Target Summer Adults1- Kill them or 2- Break Diapause & Prevent Over-
Winter SurvivalTarget Overwintering Adults
♀♀Target Adult
Prevent Egg LayingTraditional AZM Use
Target Adult Prevent Egg LayingTraditional AZM Use
Target Eggs Target
Larvae in Fruit
Target Larvae as they crawl
into soil
- AVAUNT
ACTARAASSAILImidanPyrethroid
- AVAUNT
ACTARAASSAILImidanPyrethroid
•Novaluron•Novaluron
Soil ApplicationSoil Application•Fungi & Nemas•Fungi & Nemas
Renee Pereault
-Esteem
-Esteem
Lethal Time: AZM Vs. RR & OP AltsLethal Time: AZM Vs. RR & OP Alts
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Time (hours)
Perc
ent M
ort
ality
Azinphosmethyl
Imidacloprid
Thiacloprid
Thiamethoxam
Indoxacarb
Indoxacarb (High Dose)
Wise, Whalon, Gut 2006 JEE
Reduced RiskCompoundsMuch Slower
ActingUnder
the Best Circumstance& Most Uptake in one Mode
John Wise
What AZM Does:
TOXIC ACTION•Fumigant•Contact Toxicant•Ingested Toxin
•Covers the surface
•Penetrats the Fruit, Leaves
Stems and Bark…
Kill larvae in fruit at
2ppm with no residue
at harvest if timed well
Adult Feeding Patterns During Cherry Production Season
A Critical Issue For RR Compounds = Ingestion Uptake
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Avera
ge N
um
ber of Feedin
g E
vents
29-Apr 13-May 27-May 20-Jun 29-Jul
Leaf Stem
Leaf blade
Fruit Stem
Fruit
Receptical
Sepal
Plum CurculioPlum Curculio
Eric Hofman
3
Pro
port
ion o
f re
covere
d
active ingre
die
nt (a
.i.)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Novaluron Methoxy-fenozide
Thiacloprid Azinphos-methyl
Phosmet Indoxacarb
4.43µg/g 3.21µg/g 2.56µg/g 4.43µg/g 1.6mg/g 1.44µg/ga.i. Recovered
per gram of fruit
Skin
Outer
2mm Flesh
Central
5mm Flesh
Core
5mm Flesh
Where the Compound IS & its CONCENTRATIONin Relation to the TARGET & its BEHAVIOR;
Determine Efficacy
Where the Compound IS & its CONCENTRATIONin Relation to the TARGET & its BEHAVIOR;
Determine Efficacy
With RR Compounds: Pest Control Just Got Much, Much More Complex!
John Wise & Chris Vandervort
• New Research– Finishing 1st USDA RAMP GRANT
(Other Grants: CAR, PMAP, PESP)
– INDUSTRY’S INVESTMENT– MSU’S INVESTMENT
• AZM – GFW, LR, PC, CFF
• New Tool’s– Imidacloprid (2002)
• GFW, LR, PC, CFF (7d)
– Thiamethoxam (2006)• GFW, LR, PC, CFF (14d)
– Acetamiprid (2008)• GFW, LR, PC, CFF (7d)
– Spinosyn (2001)• GFW, LR, PC, CFF (7d)
– Indoxacarb (2007*)• GFW, LR, PC, CFF (14d)
MRL’s
• EconomicallySustainable?
AZM Alternative’s in Cherry
USDA/Cherry RAMP Grant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
Gro
wers
Resort
ing to A
ZM
in R
AM
P
plo
ts
*One grower had infested fruit but did not
resort to using AZM
*
none low moderate High
PC Efficacy
RAMP-I Team & E-154
Plum Curculio Developmental Stages:
Egg
1st instar
Pupa
2nd instar 3rd instar4th instar
Summer generation adultSummer generation adult
Post Harvest Target Summer Adults1- Kill them or 2- Break Diapause & Prevent Over-
Winter Survival
Post Harvest Target Summer Adults1- Kill them or 2- Break Diapause & Prevent Over-
Winter SurvivalTarget Overwintering Adults
♀♀Target Adult
Prevent Egg LayingTraditional AZM Use
Target Adult Prevent Egg LayingTraditional AZM Use
Target Eggs Target
Larvae in Fruit
Target Larvae as they crawl
into soil
- AVAUNT
ACTARAASSAILImidanPyrethroid
- AVAUNT
ACTARAASSAILImidanPyrethroid
•Novaluron•Novaluron
Soil ApplicationSoil Application•Fungi & Nemas•Fungi & Nemas
Renee Pereault
-Esteem
-Esteem
Plum Curculio Control Targets:
Woods edge, Soil,
Bark, Scaffold, Branch,
Leaf, Blossom, Stem, Fruit Surface,
Fruit Interior?
Plum Curculio Developmental Stages:
Egg
1st instar
Pupa
2nd instar 3rd instar4th instar
Summer generation adultSummer generation adult
Post Harvest Target Summer Adults1- Kill them or 2- Break Diapause & Prevent Over-
Winter Survival
Post Harvest Target Summer Adults1- Kill them or 2- Break Diapause & Prevent Over-
Winter SurvivalTarget Overwintering Adults
♀♀Target Adult
Prevent Egg LayingTraditional AZM Use
Target Adult Prevent Egg LayingTraditional AZM Use
Target Eggs Target
Larvae in Fruit
Target Larvae as they crawl
into soil
- AVAUNT
ACTARAASSAILImidanPyrethroid
- AVAUNT
ACTARAASSAILImidanPyrethroid
•Novaluron•Novaluron
Soil ApplicationSoil Application•Fungi & Nemas•Fungi & Nemas
Renee Pereault
-Esteem
-Esteem
IGR’s Present a New Set of Ecological ChallengesSubtle Endocrine-Like Effects & Vertical
Transmission• Esteem (pyriproxifen): will
break diapause
• Esteem treated females produced eggs = use fat body & don’t survive winter!
• Therefore, Esteemtreatment caused reduced fat reserves = winter mortality…
• Novaluron (Rimon):
vertical transmission ♀ to offspring…eggs don’t live
• Esteem (pyriproxifen): will break diapause
• Esteem treated females produced eggs = use fat body & don’t survive winter!
• Therefore, Esteemtreatment caused reduced fat reserves = winter mortality…
• Novaluron (Rimon):
vertical transmission ♀ to offspring…eggs don’t live
Esteem
N- UTC N- UTC
Esteem
Eggs
Plum CurculioPlum Curculio
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
South
ern
UTC
Este
em
South
ern
UTC
Este
em
South
ern
UTC
Este
em
January February March
Perc
ent Surv
ival
Adult Females Field TreatedIn August
Adult Females Field TreatedIn August
M. Whalon,
K. Kim, S. Kim
& D. Nortman
4
USEPA & AZM Outcome? Better than Good!Considering the alternatives!
USEPA Wash. DC
Jim Gulliford
Nikhil Mallampalli
Katie Hall
USEPA Region 5
Margaret Guerriero
Barbra VanTil
USEPA Wash. DC
Jim Gulliford
Nikhil Mallampalli
Katie Hall
USEPA Region 5
Margaret Guerriero
Barbra VanTil
The Day That the USEPA Came to TownThanks to our cooperative efforts and to good relationships with people like Barb VanTill USEPA Region 5
and Pat Cimino (EPA Headquarters)
Toxic
ity
Num
ber
of S
pecie
s A
ffecte
d
Time
AZM Orchard Ecosystem
Deep & Short DisruptionDeep & Short Disruption
Deep ImpactShort Residue& Recovery
Time
Figure 1. An illustration of the chronic ecological effects of different insecticidesupon an orchard ecosystem.
Acute vs Chronic Effects of Various RR Insecticides
Time
Toxic
ity
Neonicotinoid or IGROrchard Ecosystem
Num
ber
of S
pecie
s A
ffecte
d
Shallower ImpactBut
Long Residue &Recovery Time
Shallow & Long Disruption
FQPA Ushered Changes Yields New Insight!FQPA Ushered Changes Yields New Insight!
The Data That Kept AZM Alive
Natural Enemy Sampling Summary for 2007Shannon Diversity Index (H’) measures diversity using species richness and evenness.
• H’ = where p= (# of individuals in species i)/(total # of individuals)
• Richness (S) = Number of different species observed
• Evenness (E) = H’/Hmax ; Hmax = ln(S)
2007
RAMP Grower H' Richness Evenness
4 1.39 4 1.00
9 1.39 5 0.86
3 1.33 4 0.96
5 1.10 3 1.00
2 0.95 3 0.87
1 0.69 2 1.00
8 0.64 2 0.92
6 0.00 1 0.01
7 0.00 1 0.01
2007
COMP
Grower H' Richness Evenness
3 1.64 6 0.92
7 1.64 6 0.92
8 1.52 5 0.95
4 1.31 4 0.943
5 1.08 4 0.78
2 1.04 3 0.95
6 0.90 3 0.82
1 0.59 2 0.85
9 0.00 1 0.01
Natural Enemy Biodiversity Indicators
Bees Leaf Guilds- Mites PhytoseidsWasps, Syrphids, Nabids, Reduvids
Aphid PredatorGuilds
CoccinellidsParasitoids Litter Guilds
OP Alternatives More Damaging to
the Environment than AZM?
EPA Must Consider
– Worker Protection
– Residues
– Hormonal Effects
– Environmental Impact
– Ecological Impact
Impact of AZM (COMP) and the Alternative (RAMP)
Insecticides on Natural Enemies in 18 Tart Cherry
Orchards
RAMP sprays significantly
reduced natural enem ies
AZM sprays moderately
reduced natural enem ies
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
400 500 600 700 800 900
Degree Days
Div
ers
ity
RAMP
COMP
Linear (RAMP)
Linear (COMP)
Cherry RAMP vs. COMP Blocks
Table 3: Average Shannon Indexes (H’) by grower for the Yellow Sticky Method across 3 sample periods (pre- & post bloom & pre-harvest) during the season. The grower codes are ranked from greatest to least average H’.
Average RAMP Block Average COMP Block Total Average
Grower H' Grower H' Grower Total AVE H'
9-F 1.70 5-L 2.53 5-L 1.99
6-B 1.51 6-B 2.40 6-B 1.96
5-L 1.45 9-F 1.66 9-F 1.68
8-G 1.41 3-V 1.56 3-V 1.42
3-V 1.27 7-C 1.45 8-G 1.28
4-S 1.00 4-S 1.25 4-S 1.13
1-W 0.99 8-G 1.16 7-C 1.06
7-C 0.67 2-M 0.79 1-W 0.81
2-M 0.53 1-W 0.64 2-M 0.66
S Ave 10.53 13.44* (P= 0.05)
Data that kept AZM Alive: Natural Enemy Indexes
(Diversity = Number of Good Guys : Bad Guys) AZM Blocks Rated BetterThan Reduced Risk Blocks
5
Bottom Line: RAMP DATA had a very Significant Impact
1. AZM or Guthion has many problems– FQPA: Residues- Infants, Children, Preg. Mothers
– Worker Protection
– Pesticide Drift
– Water Issues
– Ecological Impacts & History of “incidents”
2. Exceedingly unlikely that Cherry industry will get another reprieve!
3. Therefore, we must forge ahead into the Reduced Risk Pesticide world!
RAMP-II Management Team Meeting Tomorrow 9-12
“2008 & Beyond:”1. Successful competed for and won a
new 3-year (2008-2010)
Cherry RAMP-II Grant
2. Will require an unprecedented push from the cherry industry…to adopt new chemistries and practices
3. Cherry Industry will require new registrations & MRLs from USEPA
4. Growing Cherries will cost more $
Cherry RAMP-II Management Team MeetingInterested growers are invited to attend…
9-12 Friday 1/18/08 NWHREC
Cherry RAMP-II Management Team MeetingInterested growers are invited to attend…
9-12 Friday 1/18/08 NWHREC
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