cherenkov tracking calorimeters
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Cherenkov Tracking Cherenkov Tracking CalorimetersCalorimeters
D. CasperD. CasperUniversity of California, IrvineUniversity of California, Irvine
June 24, 2005June 24, 2005 D. Casper, UC IrvineD. Casper, UC Irvine 22
OutlineOutline OverviewOverview Basic performance around 1 GeVBasic performance around 1 GeV Neutrino responseNeutrino response
June 24, 2005June 24, 2005 D. Casper, UC IrvineD. Casper, UC Irvine 33
Acknowledgements and CaveatsAcknowledgements and Caveats Some work done together with:Some work done together with:
J. Dunmore, C. Regis (UCI)J. Dunmore, C. Regis (UCI) J. Burguet-Castell, E. Couce, J.J. Gomez-Cadenas, J. Burguet-Castell, E. Couce, J.J. Gomez-Cadenas,
P. Hernandez (Valencia)P. Hernandez (Valencia) Thanks to:Thanks to:
M. Fechner (Saclay)M. Fechner (Saclay) Super-Kamiokande and T2K CollaborationsSuper-Kamiokande and T2K Collaborations
DisclaimersDisclaimers Not “official” results of any experiment except where Not “official” results of any experiment except where
notednoted Intended as a generic overviewIntended as a generic overview Hybrid (Cherenkov/Scintillation) detectors not Hybrid (Cherenkov/Scintillation) detectors not
considered explicitlyconsidered explicitly
June 24, 2005June 24, 2005 D. Casper, UC IrvineD. Casper, UC Irvine 44
MotivationsMotivations Fully active targetFully active target
Inexpensive detecting Inexpensive detecting mediummedium
Surface instrumentationSurface instrumentation PMT cost scales like PMT cost scales like
(Mass)(Mass)2/32/3
Long attenuation lengthLong attenuation length Size limited primarily by Size limited primarily by
cavern excavationcavern excavation
Originally designed for Originally designed for proton decay searchesproton decay searches
June 24, 2005June 24, 2005 D. Casper, UC IrvineD. Casper, UC Irvine 55
What Is MeasuredWhat Is Measured PMT timingPMT timing
Coincidence triggerCoincidence trigger Vertex positionVertex position Delayed coincidenceDelayed coincidence
e decaye decay• Nuclear de-excitationNuclear de-excitation• Neutron captureNeutron capture
Cherenkov ringsCherenkov rings Particle directions from angle Particle directions from angle
constraintconstraint Showering/Non-showering Showering/Non-showering
topology for particle IDtopology for particle ID PMT pulse heightsPMT pulse heights
Energies from calorimetry Energies from calorimetry and/or rangeand/or range
June 24, 2005June 24, 2005 D. Casper, UC IrvineD. Casper, UC Irvine 66
Cherenkov DetectorsCherenkov Detectors First Generation (1982-1992)First Generation (1982-1992)
IMB (3.3 kton, 1% IMB (3.3 kton, 1% 4.5%) 4.5%) Kamiokande (0.78 – 1.1 kton, 20%)Kamiokande (0.78 – 1.1 kton, 20%) Harvard-Purdue-WisconsinHarvard-Purdue-Wisconsin
Second Generation (1996-Present)Second Generation (1996-Present) Super-Kamiokande (22.5 kton, 40%)Super-Kamiokande (22.5 kton, 40%) SNO (1.0 kton, 55%)SNO (1.0 kton, 55%) K2K (0.025 kton, 40%)K2K (0.025 kton, 40%)
Next Generation (ca. 2010+)Next Generation (ca. 2010+) T2K 2km (0.025 kton, 40%)T2K 2km (0.025 kton, 40%) Hyper-Kamiokande (~1 Mton, 40%)Hyper-Kamiokande (~1 Mton, 40%) etc…etc…
June 24, 2005June 24, 2005 D. Casper, UC IrvineD. Casper, UC Irvine 77
Basic Performance near 1 GeVBasic Performance near 1 GeV Vertex resolution: ~20-30 cmVertex resolution: ~20-30 cm
Challenge to control the fiducial volume of a small Challenge to control the fiducial volume of a small detectordetector
Direction resolution: 2-3Direction resolution: 2-3°° Negligible compared to neutrino-lepton scattering Negligible compared to neutrino-lepton scattering
angleangle e/e/ mis-ID: ~0.4%/ mis-ID: ~0.4%/ ( (%photocathode)%photocathode)
For equal e/For equal e/ purity and efficiency purity and efficiency Verified in test beamVerified in test beam
Energy resolution: ~2%/(Energy resolution: ~2%/( E Evisvis))1/21/2
Additional energy scale uncertainty: 2-3%Additional energy scale uncertainty: 2-3% Muon decay efficiency: ~95% (Muon decay efficiency: ~95% (++), ~75% (), ~75% ())
22% 22% capture probability in water capture probability in water
June 24, 2005June 24, 2005 D. Casper, UC IrvineD. Casper, UC Irvine 88
Neutrino ResponseNeutrino Response Response (1-ring mu-like sample)Response (1-ring mu-like sample)
Super-beam disappearance signalSuper-beam disappearance signal Super-beam appearance backgroundSuper-beam appearance background Beta-beam appearance signalBeta-beam appearance signal
ee Response (1-ring e-like sample) Response (1-ring e-like sample) Super-beam appearance signalSuper-beam appearance signal Beta-beam disappearance signalBeta-beam disappearance signal Beta-beam appearance backgroundBeta-beam appearance background
June 24, 2005June 24, 2005 D. Casper, UC IrvineD. Casper, UC Irvine 99
Does Size Matter?Does Size Matter? For a given photo-cathode coverage, For a given photo-cathode coverage,
greater pixelization helps reduce greater pixelization helps reduce 00ee For a given photo-cathode coverage, a larger For a given photo-cathode coverage, a larger
detector performs better at e/mu and e/detector performs better at e/mu and e/00 separationseparation
June 24, 2005June 24, 2005 D. Casper, UC IrvineD. Casper, UC Irvine 1010
Cross-SectionsCross-Sections
June 24, 2005June 24, 2005 D. Casper, UC IrvineD. Casper, UC Irvine 1111
CCQE EfficiencyCCQE Efficiency
Loss of partiallycontained
Fully-contained CCQE 1-ringmu-like efficiency
Losses to 0 cuts
Fully-contained e CCQE 1-ringe-like efficiency
June 24, 2005June 24, 2005 D. Casper, UC IrvineD. Casper, UC Irvine 1212
Signal and BackgroundsSignal and Backgrounds
1-ring -like sample 1-ring e-like sample
June 24, 2005June 24, 2005 D. Casper, UC IrvineD. Casper, UC Irvine 1313
Contamination vs. SmearingContamination vs. Smearing
1-ring -like sample 1-ring e-like sample
June 24, 2005June 24, 2005 D. Casper, UC IrvineD. Casper, UC Irvine 1414
CC Energy Transfer MatricesCC Energy Transfer Matrices
CCQECC1
CC Other
June 24, 2005June 24, 2005 D. Casper, UC IrvineD. Casper, UC Irvine 1515
Higher EnergiesHigher Energies Possible to use hadronic calorimetry at Possible to use hadronic calorimetry at
higher energieshigher energies Does not help with particle IDDoes not help with particle ID
Possible to identify clean sample of high-Possible to identify clean sample of high-energy muons from interactions outside energy muons from interactions outside the detectorthe detector ““Upward-going muons”Upward-going muons” May be able to say something about energy May be able to say something about energy
using angle(?)using angle(?)
June 24, 2005June 24, 2005 D. Casper, UC IrvineD. Casper, UC Irvine 1616
ConclusionsConclusions A very mature and powerful technologyA very mature and powerful technology Backgrounds to low-medium energy Backgrounds to low-medium energy
super-beams or beta beams are fairly super-beams or beta beams are fairly manageablemanageable Depends on details of beam, baseline, etc.Depends on details of beam, baseline, etc.
Energies above 1.5-2 GeV create Energies above 1.5-2 GeV create difficultiesdifficulties May be mitigated by migrationMay be mitigated by migration
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