chemotherapy & antibiotics
Post on 01-Jun-2015
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PPREFACEREFACE
I EXPRESS MY HEARTFUL GRATITUDE TO MADAM MONIKA DAS BORKOTOKI, S/T & HOD OF DEPT. OF BIOTECHNOLOGY, DARRANG COLLEGE, TEZPUR FOR GIVING ME AN OPPURTUNITY TO PRESENT THIS PRESENTATION ON “CHEMOTHERAPY & ANTIBIOTICS” AND HELPING ME TO COLLECT AND ORGANIZE THE PRESENTATION DATA. I SINCERELY HOPE THAT THE KNOWLEDGE PROVIDED BY HER WILL BE
BENEFICIAL IN MY FUTURE LIFE.
CCONTENTSONTENTS
TTERMSERMS A ANDND T TERMINOLOGIESERMINOLOGIES RRELATEDELATED T TOO C CHEMOTHERAPYHEMOTHERAPY
CCHEMOTHERAPEUTICHEMOTHERAPEUTIC A AGENTSGENTS A ANDND CCHEMOTHERAPYHEMOTHERAPY
CHEMOTHERAP-EUTIC AGENTS
PREPARATION
COMPOUNDS NOT TREATED
AS CHEMOTHERAPE-UTIC AGENT
CCHARACTERISTICSHARACTERISTICS O OFF A A CCHEMOTHERAPEUTICHEMOTHERAPEUTIC A AGENTGENTDESTROY OR PREVENT THE ACTIVITY OF A PARASITE
WITHOUT INJURING THE CELLS OF THE HOST OR
WITH MINOR INJURY TO ITS CELLS
BE ABLE TO COME IN CONTACT WITH THE PARASITE BY PENETRATING THE CELLS AND TISSUES OF THE HOST IN EFFECTIVE CONCENTRATIONS
LEAVE UNALTERED THE HOST’S NATURAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS, SUCH AS PHAGOCYTOSIS AND THE
PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES
HHISTORICALISTORICAL H HIGHLIGHTSIGHLIGHTS O OFF CCHEMOTHERAPEUTICHEMOTHERAPEUTIC A AGENTGENT
HAS BEEN PRACTICED FOR CENTURIES EARLY IN THE PRESENT CENTURY, IN THE MID 1930S,
THIS THERAPY REVOLUTIONIZED THE FIELD OF MEDICINE THIS TURN IN EVENTS ATTRIBUTED TO TWO
DISCOVERIES- SULFONAMIDE COMPOUNDS (SULFA DRUGS) COULD BE
USED SUCCESSFULLY FOR THE TREATMENT OF CERTAIN BACTERIAL DISEASES
DISCOVERY OF A NEW AND POTENT CLASS OF ANTIBACTERIALLY ACTIVE CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS, NAMELY ANTIBIOTICS
EUROPEANS USED NATURAL QUININE FROM THE BARK OF THE CINCHONA TREE TO TREAT MALARIA AS EARLY AS 1630
MERCURY WAS USED TO TREAT SYPHILIS AS EARLY AS 1495
PAUL EHRLICH, IN ABOUT 1910, SYNTHESIZED AN ARSENICAL COMPOUND SALVARSAN, CAPABLE OF CURING DISEASE WITHOUT CAUSING GREAT DANGER TO THE PATIENT
DOMAGK, IN ABOUT 1935 SHOWED THE THERAPEUTIC VALUE OF A GROUP OF COMPOUNDS KNOWN AS THE SULFONAMIDES
AANTIBIOTICSNTIBIOTICS, F, FLEMINGLEMING A ANDND PPENICILLINENICILLIN ANTIBIOSIS, FIRST DEFINED BY VUILLEMIN IN
1889 IN 1929, ALEXANDER FLEMING NOTICED THAT
AN AGAR PLATE INOCULATED WITH Staphylococcus aureus HAD BECOME CONTAMINATED WITH A MOLD. BECAUSE THE MOLD WAS IDENTIFIED AS A Penicillium sp., FLEMING CALLED THE ANTIBOTIC PENICILLIN
Alexander Fleming in his Laboratory
Agar plate inoculated with Staphyllococcus aureus
CCHARACTERISTICSHARACTERISTICS O OFF A ANTIBIOTICSNTIBIOTICS TTHATHAT Q QUALIFYUALIFY T THEM HEM AASS CCHEMOTHERAPEUTICHEMOTHERAPEUTIC A AGENTSGENTS SHOULD HAVE THE ABILITY TO DESTROY OR
INHIBIT MANY DIFFERENT SPECIES OF PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS, i.e. BROAD SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTIC
SHOULD PREVENT THE READY DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANT FORMS OF THE PARASITES
SHOULD NOT PRODUCE UNDESIRABLE SIDE EFFECTS IN THE HOST
SHOULD NOT ELIMINATE THE NORMAL MICROBIAL FLORA OF THE HOST
AANTIBIOTICSNTIBIOTICS A ANDND T THEIRHEIR M MODEODE O OFF AACTIONCTION
ANTIBIOTICS CAN BE CLASSIFIED IN SEVERAL WAYS-
BACTERICIDALBACTERIOSTATICCHEMICAL STRUCTUREMODE OF ACTION (MAJOR POINTS OF ATTACK)- INHIBITION OF CELL-WALL SYNTHESISDAMAGE TO THE CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE INHIBITION OF NUCLEIC ACID AND PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS INHIBITION OF SPECIFIC ENZYME SYSTEMS
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