chemistry of the nonmetals - colby college · 2005-04-28 · 1. periodic properties homonuclear (e...

Chemistry of the Nonmetals

1. Periodic Properties and Hydrogen

2. Noble Gases (Group 8): He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe

3. Halogens (Group 7): F, Cl, Br, I, At

4. Chalcogens (Group 6): O, S, Se, Te, Po

5. Pnicogens (Group 5): N, P, As, Sb, Bi

6. Group 4: C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb

7. Group 3: B, [Al, Ga, In, Tl]

1. Periodic Properties

1. Periodic Properties

Trends in metallic character

1. Periodic Properties

Trends in atomic radius

1. Periodic Properties

Trends in ionization energy

1. Periodic Properties

Trends in ionization energy

1. Periodic Properties

Trends in electron affinity

1. Periodic Properties

Trends in electronegativity (Pauling)

1. Periodic Properties

Average bond enthalpies

1. Periodic PropertiesHomonuclear (E − E) single bond energies (kJ/mol)

I − I149

Te − Te126

Sb − Sb121

Sn − Sn146

In − In100

Br − Br190

Se − Se172

As − As146

Ge − Ge188

Ga − Ga115

Cl − Cl240

S − S226

P − P201

Si − Si222

Al − Al-----

F − F155

O − O142

N − N167

C − C346

B − B293

1. Periodic Properties

Heteronuclear (E − F) bond energies (kJ/mol)

I − F231

Te − F329

Sb − F402

Sn − F414

In − F444

Br − F237

Se − F285

As − F406

Ge − F452

Ga − F469

Cl − F253

S − F284

P − F490

Si − F565

Al − F583

F − F155

O − F190

N − F283

C − F485

B − F613

1. Periodic Properties

In general, the firstmember of each groupforms stronger π-bonds

than later members.

1. Periodic Properties

1. Hydrogen

Hydrides formed by the elements

2. Noble Gases (Group 8)

XeF2 XeF4 XeF6

Xenon compounds with fluorine.

3. Halogens (Group 7)

3. Halogens (Group 7)

Homonuclear bond enthalpies for the halogens

3. Halogens (Group 7)

3. Halogens (Group 7)

Interhalogen compounds

BrF5 IF7

3. Halogens (Group 7)

Latimer diagrams

4. Chalcogens (Group 6)

4. Chalcogens (Group 6)G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7

BaCs

SrRb

CaK

MgNa

BeLi

AtPoBiPbTl

ITeSbSnIn

BrSeAsGeGa

ClSPSiAl

FONCB

Basic oxides Acidic oxides

= Amphoteric oxides (all oxidation states)

= Amphoteric oxides (low oxidation states)Acidic oxides (high oxidation states)

4. Chalcogens (Group 6)

Elemental sulfur: An S8 ring

4. Chalcogens (Group 6)

Frasch process for sulfur mining.

4. Chalcogens (Group 6)

Sulfur oxides

SO2 SO3

4. Chalcogens (Group 6)

Uses of sulfuric acid: H2SO4

5. Pnicogens (Group 5)

5. Pnicogens (Group 5)

5. Pnicogens (Group 5)

5. Pnicogens (Group 5)

←Hydrazine↓

←Methylhydrazine

5. Pnicogens (Group 5)

Oxides of nitrogen: Structures

5. Pnicogens (Group 5)

Ostwald processfor nitric acid

production fromammonia.

5. Pnicogens (Group 5)

White phosphorous: P4

5. Pnicogens (Group 5)

5. Pnicogens (Group 5)

P4O6 P4O10

6. Group 4

6. Group 4

Allotropes of carbon: Diamond & Graphite

Diamond structure Graphite structure

6. Group 4

Allotropes of carbon: Fullerene

C60 structure: fullerene

6. Group 4

A multiwalled carbon nanotube

6. Group 4

6. Group 4

Lead usage as a function of time.

6. Group 4

Zone refiningfor the purificationof silicon for use inelectronic materials.

6. Group 4

Structure ofSi2O7

6-

6. Group 4

6. Group 4

A silicone polymerJadeite: NaAl(SiO3)2

7. Group 3: Boron

Structure of diborane: B2H6

7. Group 3: Boron

B6H62-→

NH3BH3

B3O63-