chemistry of life powerpoint

BiologyBiology Chemistry of Life Chemistry of Life pgs. 140-156pgs. 140-156

Objectives Objectives – Describe the components of a variety of macromolecules active in Describe the components of a variety of macromolecules active in

biological systems and their functions (what they do).biological systems and their functions (what they do).

– Identify the building blocks and explains the functions of a variety Identify the building blocks and explains the functions of a variety of macromolecules active in biological systems (i.e., of macromolecules active in biological systems (i.e., carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins). carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins). 

MetabolismMixtureSolutionpHacid / basepolar moleculehydrogen bonddiffusiondynamic equilibrium

Element/AtomNucleusCompoundCovalent

bondMoleculeIonIonic bond

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Element

the smallest unit of matter

that still retains the property of an element.

In the figure are depicted a Nitrogen and Oxygen atom.

a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical reactions.For example: oxygen (O), sodium (Na), carbon (C)There are 88 natural elements.

Atom

CHOPIN’S CaFeCHOPIN’S CaFeC Carbon

H HydrogenO Oxygen

N NitrogenI Iodine (trace)

Ca CalciumFe IronP Phosphorus

S Sulfer

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The center of an atom, composed of The center of an atom, composed of protons and neutronsprotons and neutrons

Electrons

Parts of the atom

Proton

Nucleus

Neutron

Orbit the nucleus at the speed of light, Orbit the nucleus at the speed of light, negativenegative charge charge

In the center of an atom, In the center of an atom, positivepositive charge charge

In the center of an atom, In the center of an atom, no chargeno charge

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A substance that is A substance that is composed of atoms composed of atoms

of of two or more two or more different elementsdifferent elements that are chemically that are chemically

combined, like combined, like

HH22OO and and NaClNaCl

Compound

GOT!

NOT

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When When two atoms share electronstwo atoms share electrons, such as two , such as two hydrogen atoms sharing electrons, the force hydrogen atoms sharing electrons, the force

that holds them togetherthat holds them together

Covalent bond

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A group of atoms held A group of atoms held together by together by

covalent bondscovalent bonds(where (where

electrons are electrons are shared)shared)

Molecule

Usually NON-metals!

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A A charged particlecharged particle made of atoms, made of atoms,

such as such as Na+, Na+,

Cl-, and Cl-, and OH-OH-

Notice: they all have Notice: they all have a + or – charge a + or – charge

because because they gave they gave or took and electronor took and electron

Ion

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The attractive The attractive force force

between two ions between two ions

of opposite of opposite chargecharge

Ionic bond

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All of the All of the chemical reactionschemical reactions that occur within an organism that occur within an organism

Metabolism

VirusVirus

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A combination of A combination of substancessubstances

in which the in which the

individual individual components components

retain retain

their own their own

propertiesproperties

Mixture

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A mixture A mixture

in which one or more in which one or more substances (solutes) are substances (solutes) are

distributed evenly distributed evenly

in another substance and in another substance and

will not settle out of will not settle out of solution, solution,

like air and tap waterlike air and tap water

Solution

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A measure of how A measure of how acidic or basic acidic or basic

a solution is, ranges a solution is, ranges from from

0-14, 7 is neutral0-14, 7 is neutral

pH

Litmus paper changes color to identify

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Any substance Any substance that forms that forms

hydrogen ions hydrogen ions (lonely (lonely

protons, hydrogen atoms that gave protons, hydrogen atoms that gave

away their electrons, away their electrons, H+)H+)

in water, pH 0-6.9in water, pH 0-6.9

Acid

7 is neutral

H2O Any substance Any substance

that forms that forms hydroxide ions hydroxide ions (OH-) in water, (OH-) in water,

pH 7.1-14pH 7.1-14

Base

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A molecule with an A molecule with an unequal distribution unequal distribution

of charge, that is of charge, that is each molecule has a each molecule has a positive end and a positive end and a negative end, for negative end, for example, waterexample, water

polar molecule

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The attraction of opposite The attraction of opposite charges between charges between

hydrogen and oxygen hydrogen and oxygen forms a weak bond, forms a weak bond,

responsible for holding responsible for holding many biomolecules many biomolecules together, such as together, such as

proteins, also responsible proteins, also responsible for capillary actionfor capillary action

hydrogen bond

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The movement of The movement of particles particles

from an area of from an area of higher concentration higher concentration

to an area of to an area of lower concentrationlower concentration, ,

results from the results from the random motion of random motion of

atoms and moleculesatoms and molecules

diffusion

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The continuous The continuous movement of movement of

materials of in and materials of in and out of a cell with no out of a cell with no

overall overall concentration concentration

change.change.

dynamic equilibrium

Thank you.Thank you.