chemistry of carbon

CHEMISTRY OF CARBON

Because C has only 4 valence electronsit easily bonds covalently w/4 hydrogen forming the simplest organic molecule, methane, or natural gas.

CH4

C easily bonds with itself forming single, double and triple bonds, this property results in many differently shaped molecules... shape determines physical and chemical characteristics

RINGS

LONG CHAINS

BRANCHEDCHAINS

C WITH H CAN ALSO COVALENTLY BOND WITH N2,O2. THESE BONDS FORM THE MANY BASIC UNITS, MOMOMERS, THAT FORM THE 4 MACROMOLECULES OF LIFE

MONOSACCHARIDES

NUCLEOTIDES

FATTY ACIDS

AMINO ACIDS

FORMING ORGANICMACROMOLECULES

SINGLE MOLECULAR UNIT:MONOMER◦ SMALLEST STRUCTURE THAT STILL HAS CHARACTRISICS OF THE MACROMOLECULE

CARBOHYDRATES: MONOSACCHARIDES

PROTEINS: 20 AMINO ACIDS

LIPIDS: FATTY ACIDS

NUCLEIC ACIDS: 5 NUCLEOTIDES

•MONOMERS BOND TO FORM:POLYMERS•POLYMERS CAN BE FORMED FROM SAME MONOMERS OR DIFFERENT ONES OF THE SAME KIND…

MACROMOLECULES ARE USUALLY VERY LARGE POLYMERS…

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE MOLECULE DEPEND UPON A SPECIAL GROUP OFATOMS CALLED A…

FUNCTIONAL GROUP

GLUCOSE SUCROSE

STARCH

GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE

HEMOGLOBIN

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS CHANGE THE NATURE OF THE ORGANIC MOLECULE

HELP TO BOND “ORGANIC BACKBONES” TOGETHER

THESE REACTIONS BUILD THE MACROMOLECULES AS WELL AS BREAK THEM DOWN. LIKE PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION THEY ARE CYCLIC REACTIONS…

THE REACTANTS OF ONE BECOME THE PRODUCTS

OF THE OTHER.Most of these types of reactionsrequire the action of enzymes.

CONDENSATION

CONDENSATION “MAKE WATER”

HYDROLYSIS “BREAK WATER”

HYDROLYSIS

CONDENSATION

EXAMPLES

4 ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES

CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS

RINGSCARBOHYDRATES

MONOMER:MONOSACCHARIDE(CH2O)SUGARS:MONO/DISACCHARIDES; -OSESTARCHES: POLYSACCHARIDESCELL WALLS:CELLULOSECONVERTED TO MAKE ATP

LONG CHAINS LIPIDS

MONOMER: FATTY ACIDSPROTECTIVE COVERINGS:MEMBRANESSTORED ENERGY:GLYCEROL(ANIMALS)HORMONESSTEROIDS HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC

TRIGLYCERIDE

PHOSPHOLIPID

SOLIDS

LIQUIDS

BRANCHED CHAINSPROTEINS

MONOMER: 20 AMINO ACIDSDIPEPTIDES/POLYPEPTIDESDETERMINE STRUCTURE/FUNCTIONMAINTAIN AND REPAIRCONTROL CHEMICAL REACTIONS:ENZYMES

(-ACE)

NUCLEIC ACIDS

MONOMER: NUCLEOTIDESTORE GENETIC INFOREGULATE SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINSDEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID(DNA)RIBONUCLEIC ACID(RNA)

BEACH BALL