chemical engineering: an introduction to the major and the...
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Chemical Engineering: An
Introduction to the Major and
the Profession
Professor Donald J. Chmielewski Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of Technology
Not All Engineers Drive Trains
Positions Held by
Chemical Engineers
• Process Engineer at Plastics Factory
• Manager at Waste Water Treatment Plant
• Research Scientist for a Chip Manufacturer
• Medical Doctor involved in Drug Research
• CEO of a Multi-National Corporation
Subjects Studied by
Chemical Engineers
• Analysis of Chemical Processes • Separations
• Reactions
• Thermodynamics
• Design of Chemical Processes • Economics
• Safety and the Environment
Chemistry of Crude Oil
H H H H
H-C – C – C – C-H
H H H H
H
H-C-H
H
H H
H-C – C-H
H H
H H H H
H-C – C – C – C-H
H H H H
H
H-C-H
H
H
H-C-H
H
H
H-C-H
H
H
H-C-H
H
H H
H-C – C-H
H H
H H
H-C – C-H
H H
H
H-C-H
H
H
H-C-H
H
Distillation of Crude Oil
H H H H
H - C – C – C – C - H
H H H H
H H
H - C – C - H
H H
H
H-C-H
H
H
H-C-H
H
H H H H
H - C – C – C – C - H
H H H H
H H
H - C – C - H
H H
Natural Gas
(to your stove)
Liquid Fuels
(to your car)
Tars (to the road)
H H H H
H - C – C – C – C - H
H H H H
H H
H - C – C - H
H H
H
H – C – H
H
The Refinery
V e r y S i m p l i f i e d
P e t r o l e u m a n d
P e t r o c h e m i c a l
F l o w c h a r t
O i l
W e l l
C r u d e
O i l S e p a r a t i o n s
Co
nve
rsio
ns
Sep
arat
ion
s
and
Pu
rifi
cati
on
s
N a t u r a l
G a s
P r o p a n e & B u t a n e
N a p h t h a
( C 5 - C 1 0 )
G a s S t o v e
F u e l
G a s o l i n e
J e t F u e l
F u e l
R X E t h y l e n e P o l y e t h y l e n e ( G l a d B a g s )
R X
R X P o l y m e r s ( 7 U P B o t t l e s )
( B a r b e q u e G r i l l s )
R X
R X O r g a n i c C h e m i c a l s
M o r e P o l y m e r s
( A s p i r i n , H a i r S p r a y )
( F o o t b a l l H e l m e t , A s t r o
T u r f , N y l o n )
H o m e H e a t i n g
O i l , L u b r i c a t i n g
O i l , W a x
D i e s e l F u e l s
K e r o s e n e &
G a s O i l s ( C 1 0 + )
C o k e
( C a r b o n M a t e r i a l S i m i l a r t o C o a l ) S t e e l M a k i n g
A s p h a l t R o a d s P o t H o l e s
P u r i f i c a t i o n s r e m o v e s u l f u r a n d h e a v y m e t a l s
R X = C h e m i c a l R e a c t i o n s
G r a p h i t e F i b e r s
( T e n n i s R a c q u e t s )
How Distillation Works
Distillation Columns
Economics of Refining
H H H H
H - C – C – C – C - H
H H H H
H H
H - C – C - H
H H
H
H-C-H
H
H
H-C-H
H
H H H H
H - C – C – C – C - H
H H H H
H H
H - C – C - H
H H
Natural Gas
(to your stove)
Liquid Fuels
(to your car)
Tars (to the road)
H H H H
H - C – C – C – C - H
H H H H
H H
H - C – C - H
H H
H
H – C – H
H
Cracking of Hydrocarbons
Gasoline
Tar
H H H H
H - C – C – C – C - H
H H H H
H H
H - C – C - H
H H H H H H
H - C – C – C – C - H
H H H H
High
Temperatures
Catalyst
Pellets
Fluidized Catalytic Cracker
Gasoline Out
Tar In
Catalyst
Regenerator
Fluidized
Reactor
( Carbon
Deposits
Removed
from
Catalyst
Particles ) ( Carbon
Atoms
Attracted
to
Catalyst
Particles )
FCC Reactor
Environmental Issues
Chemistry of Combustion
CH4 + 2 O2 2 H2O + CO2 + Heat
Other Chemicals in Oil
H H H H
H-C – C – C – C-H
H H H H
H
H-C-H
H
H H
H-C – C-H
H H
H H H H
H-C – C – C – C-H
H H H H
H
H-C-H
H
H
H-C-H
H
H
H-C-H
H
H
H-C-H
H
H H
H-C – C-H
H H
H H
H-C – C-H
H H
H
H-C-H
H
H
H-C-H
H
N
S
S
S
S
S
N
N
N
N
S S
S S
Chemistry of Combustion
CH4 + 2 O2 2 H2O + CO2 + Heat
S + 2 O2 SO2
Acid Rain
Smog
Ozone
N + 2 O2 NO2
N2 + 4 O2 2 NO2
from the Fuel
from the Air
Cleaning-Up the Fuel
S + H2 H2S
2 N + 2 H2 2 NH3
Heat
Dirty
Fuel H2
Clean
Fuel
Hydro-treating Reactor
Chemistry of Combustion
CH4 + 2 O2 2 H2O + CO2 + Heat
S + 2 O2 SO2
Acid Rain
Smog
Ozone
N + 2 O2 NO2
N2 + 4 O2 2 NO2
from the Fuel
from the Air
Green
House
Gas
Fuel Cell Technology
Hydrogen Generation
H2O
CH4 Reforming
Reactor
Fuel Cell
Fuel Side
Oxidant Side
Air In
( O2 )
CO2 H2 &
H2O
CO2
H H H
H H
H H
H H H H
CO2 H2 &
Chemistry of Combustion
CH4 + 2 O2 2 H2O + CO2 + Heat
S + 2 O2 SO2
Acid Rain
Smog
Ozone
N + 2 O2 NO2
N2 + 4 O2 2 NO2
from the Fuel
from the Air
Green
House
Gas
Efficiency in Power Generation
CO2
CO2
E
E
Alternative Energy Sources
H2O
CH4 Reforming
Reactor
Fuel Cell
Fuel Side
Oxidant Side
Air In
( O2 ) H2O
H H H
H H
H H
H H H H
CO2 H2 & CO2
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