chapter53[1]competition mine
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COMPETITION
K GOPI
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Introduction
Community
comprises all the populations of organisms
inhabiting a common environment andinteracting with one another
These interactions are competitive, predatory, or
symbiotic.
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CompetitionIntroduction
Competition interaction between
individual organisms
of the same species(intraspecific) or of adifferent species(interspecific)usingthe same resource,
often in limitedsupply
e.g. food, water, light,living space
http://www.chagres.com/AE-3.html
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CompetitionIntroduction
Interferencecompetition Involves overt fighting
or other face-to-faceinteraction
Exploitativecompetition
Involves removal of aresource, leaving lessfor others
http://www.deer.rr.ualberta.ca/library/guild/functional_interactions.htm
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CompetitionThe Principles of Competitive Exclusion
G. F. Gause formulated principle of
competitive exclusion.
If two species are in competition for the samelimited resource, one or the other will be more
efficient at utilizing or controlling access to this
resource and will eventually eliminate the other
in situations in which they occur together.
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CompetitionThe Principles of Competitive Exclusion
In Gauses experiment,Paramecium aureliaoutmultiplied
Paramecium caudatum.
http://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~amjones/dundee/34ecologyintro.htm
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CompetitionResource Partitioning
Resources arefrequently
partitioned among
ecologically similarmembers of acommunity.
http://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~amjones/dundee/34ecologyintro.htm
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CompetitionResource Partitioning
Woodland Warblers Robert MacArthur
observed and timedwhere warblers fedwithin trees. His data
showed that the fivespecies studied each havedifferent feeding zones inthe trees. Because theyexploit slightly differentresources, the species cancoexist.
http://mil.citrus.cc.ca.us/cat2courses/bio104/ChapterNotes/Chapter43notesLewis.htm
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CompetitionResource Partitioning
Bog Mosses In bogs, mosses of
the genus Sphagnumoften appear to forma continuous cover,and several speciesare involved.Although all thespecies ofSphagnum
coexist, they actuallyoccupy differentmicrohabitats.
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/veg/N.Wet_N.Wet_Mesic/Bunchberry+sphagnum_moss_VK.html
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/veg/N.Wet_N.Wet_Mesic/Bunchberry+sphagnum_moss_VK.htmlhttp://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/veg/N.Wet_N.Wet_Mesic/Bunchberry+sphagnum_moss_VK.html -
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CompetitionResource Partitioning
African Ungulates Similarly, leaf and grass
eaters of East Africapartition their resources.
Browsers (leaf eaters)
consume leaves atdifferent heights.
e.g giraffes vs.rhinos
Grazers (grass eaters)
consume different typesof grass.
e.g. zebra vs.gazelle
http://www.wildlife-pictures-online.com/giraffepictures2.html
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CompetitionResource Partitioning
The Role of Past Competition in Resource Partitioning
http://www.cuencanet.com/ortiz/galfinches.htm
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CompetitionExperimental Approaches to the Study of Competition
Barnacles in Scotland
One of the clearest demonstrations of
competition in a natural community was a
study of two species of barnacles,Chthamalus stellatus andSemibalanus
balanoides, performed by Joseph Connell.
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Patterns on the Rocky Shore
The position of plants and animals along theintertidal zone is far from random - there are distinct
patterns in the distribution of certain species.
The causes of these zonation patterns have beenthoroughly investigated and were previouslythought to be the result of the organisms' ability tosurvive the changes in tide level and extendedperiods out of water.
The distribution of species is governed not only byphysical factors, such as the length of time speciesare left out of water, but also by biological factors, orthe interactions between other species on the shore.
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Out of Water
The hardiest organisms, able to survive longer periods exposed to theair, tend to be found higher up the shore in the drier areas. Thus therocky shore community is divided into distinct bands characterised
by certain species.
Right at the top, just below the land plants, there is a 'splash' zone ofblack, yellow and grey lichens. These plants are rarely covered bythe tides, but are frequently splashed with salt water by waves.
Below the lichens there is usually a greyish or white band ofbarnacles, and these may extend down over most of the mid-shore.
On rocky or stony shorelines, various types of tough brownseaweeds, called wracks, grow alongside the barnacles, and maylargely replace the barnacles on very sheltered rocky shores.
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CompetitionExperimental Approaches to the Study of Competition
Barnacles in Scotland
Chthamalus is found on the high part of theintertidal seashore, and Semibalanus occurs lowerdown, where the conditions are more suitable. When Semibalanus is removed, Chthamalus invades the
lower area and thrives there.
In the control areas, Semibalanus, which grows faster,ousts Chthamalus by crowding it off the rocks or
growing over it, keeping each in their usual zones. Tolerance limits, however, keep Semibalanus from
moving upward ifChthamals is removed.
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Tolerance hypothesis
The earliest species neither facilitate nor inhibitcolonization by later species. The species dominant
at any given time are those that can best tolerate theexisting physical conditions and availability ofresources.
Inhibition hypothesis
The early species preventrather than assistcolonization by other species.
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CompetitionExperimental Approaches to the Study of Competition
Barnacles in Scotland
http://www.biol.andrews.edu/fb/spring/ch53/lect53.html
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CompetitionExperimental Approaches to the Study of Competition
Barnacles in Scotland Fundamental niche
Physiological limits of tolerance of anorganism
Niche occupied by an organism in theabsence of interaction with otherorganisms.
Realized niche
Portion of fundamental niche actually
utilized Determined by physical factors and
also by interactions with otherorganisms
http://astro.temple.edu/~sanders1/FWlect_1_ecol.htm
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PredationPredation and Species Diversity
Although predation may occasionally
eliminate a prey species, many experimental
studies have shown that it is often animportant factor in maintaining species
diversity in a community.
e.g. R. T. Painestarfish and prey
e.g. Jane Lubchencomarine snailLittorina
littorea and algae
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SymbiosisIntroduction
Parasitism One species benefits
and the other is harmed
Mutualism Both species benefit
Commensalism One species benefits
and the other isunaffected
http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/nats104/00lect20.html
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio303/interspecific.htmhttp://www.visindavefur.hi.is/svar.asp?id=2116
http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/nats104/00lect20.htmlhttp://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio303/interspecific.htmhttp://www.visindavefur.hi.is/svar.asp?id=2116http://www.visindavefur.hi.is/svar.asp?id=2116http://www.visindavefur.hi.is/svar.asp?id=2116http://www.visindavefur.hi.is/svar.asp?id=2116http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio303/interspecific.htmhttp://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/nats104/00lect20.html -
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SymbiosisParasitism
Parasitic diseases are most likely to wipe out thevery young, the very old, and the disabledeitherdirectly, or more often, indirectly, by making them
more susceptible to other predators or to theeffects of climate or food shortages.
A parasite-caused disease should not be toovirulent nor too efficient.
If a parasite were to kill all the hosts for which it isadapted, it too would perish.
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SymbiosisMutualism
Ants and Aracias
On one of the African species ofAracia, the ants of the genusCrematogastergnaw entrance holesin the walls of the thorns and live
permanently inside them. The antsobtain food from nectar-secretingglands on the leaves and eatcaterpillars and other herbivoresthat they find on the trees.
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