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Section 11.1 The Sun page 390
-Average sized star
-Millions of km away
-300,000 more massive then
Earth, 99% of all mass in our
solar system
-Approx. 5 billon Years old with
5 billion more to go!
The Huge size of the sun causes
pressure to build up at the center of
the sun as gravity pulls the mass
inward… Thermonuclear Reactions turn
H (hydrogen) He (helium) giving
off Heat, Light and UV radiation in the
process
H He
Heat, Light and UV radiation
Pressure
Solar Radiation - E (energy) Emitted
from the sun in the form of
Electromagnetic Radiation
… E that is carried or radiated in
the form of waves that range in
length, ex. Microwaves, radio
waves, UV waves
The Earth is located in the “Goldilocks Zone”,
not too hot, not too cold, just right!
SUNSPOTS – dark patches of slightly
cooler (3500°C) surface areas on the
sun, they increase and decrease in
number on an 11-yr cycle. They may be
related to changes in the Earth’s
climate .
SOLAR FLARES – eruptions of
gas on the suns surface – can
last a few hours, temperatures
increase up to 11,000,000°C
Creates Solar Winds
Solar Wind page 393
Hot E bubbles “pop” on the surface of the sun and send
high E particles rushing past Earth. Earth is protected
from this solar wind by its magnetic field. Some of the
particles enter the Earth’s atmosphere at the poles
where they collide with the gas in the atmosphere to
create Auroras (Northern/Southern lights) page 394.
Some solar winds can disturb Earth’s
magnetic field and disable satellites,
knock out power lines, and expose
astronauts to high levels of radiation
The Planets
To be a planet you must…
… orbit 1 or more stars
… be large enough so its gravity
holds it in place
… be the only body in its orbital
path
Astronomical Units (AU)
Used to measure distances in space
1 AU = 150 million km
(the distance from the Earth to the Sun)
1 AU
5.27 AU
Activity 11-2A:
Terrestrial and Jovian Planets
Listen to the information contained in the video on the
planets and complete the table on page 402!
Mnemonic Device to Remember the order of the Planets???
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
Criteria Terrestrial
Planets (Inner)
Jovian Planets
(Outer)
Size Small (all Earth size
or smaller)
Large (4 to 11 times
greater than Earth)
Motion Slow spinning, small
orbits
Faster spinning,
larger orbits
Composition Solid and rocky Gaseous
Distance from
Sun
Closer Further away
Temperature Warmer, but
temperatures vary
Colder, but
temperatures vary
Density Greater Lesser
PLUTO
Now considered Dwarf Planet
– a celestial body orbiting the Sun that is
generally smaller than a planet but massive
enough for its own gravity to give it a round
shape. However they are not strong enough
to clear their orbit of debris
There are many other “dwarf planets” some
are bigger and some like Pluto have moons
COMETS “dirty snowballs” composed
of ice, rock and gas
Originate from the KuiperBelt and Oort Cloud
They travel in long elliptical orbits around the sun which are affected by the gravitational pulls of other planets
It has a long dust tail as sunlight starts to melt the ice, these can stretch millions of km
Most famous Halley’s comet which is visableevery 76 years or so
Periodicity of Comets:
"Period" is the amount of time it takes an object in
orbit to return to its starting location.
Comets travel
in short and
long periods
around the
sun in elliptical
orbits
ASTEROIDS
Small bodies believed to be the leftover remains of the
formation of the Solar System
Mostly found in an asteroid belt between Mars and
Jupiter
They have irregular shapes
Range in size from a
grain of sand up to 1000km
An asteroid up
to 1 km would devastate Earth
METEORS
Meteoroid – a rocky chunk,
broken off an asteroid or
planet, which floats
through space
Meteor – a meteoroid that
burns up as it passes
through Earths
atmosphere, seen as a
shooting star
Meteorite – a meteoroid
that does not burn up fully
in the Earths atmosphere
and hits the Earths surface
Deep Impact Sites
A place where a relatively small object (meteorite) has
collided with a larger object (planet)
Produces a fairly circular depression in the surface of
the larger object referred to as an impact crater
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