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Chapter
Ninth Edition
America: Past and PresentAmerica: Past and Present
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The Progressive EraThe Progressive Era
22
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
PROGRESSIVISM
• Period from 1890s to WW I
• Not Radical Change – REFORM
• Progressivism reflects the worry in Society about the effects of Industrialization and urbanization
• National but not a unified group
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Muckrakers Call for Reform
• McClure’s Magazine
• “Muckrakers” write to expose corruption at all levels on every subject
• Muckrakers are Journalistic voice of Progressive Age – need to reform
• Ida Tarbell well-known muckraker
• Lincoln Steffens research on corruption in city governments
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
PROGRESSIVISM
• Period from 1890S TO WW I
• Not Radical Change – REFORM
• Progressivism reflects the worry in Society About the Effects of Industrialization and Urbanization
• National but not a unified group
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Innovative Model T
• Henry Ford set standards for mass production with his auto industry
• Small profit on each unit, gross of huge profit on high volume of sales
• 1908: Model T introduced
• “Tin Lizzie” was motor car for everyone
• 1916: Federal government began highway subsidies
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Burgeoning Trusts
• Big business resulted in a growing number of trusts
• Series of mergers and consolidations in industry – small guy is gone
• 1% of industry produced half of all manufactured good
• Finance men (J.P. Morgan) replace industrial capitalists
• Question: What should government do about trusts?
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Managing the Machines
• Mass production changed direction of American industry
• Business became large scale and mechanized and managed
• Replacement of industrial giants by financial giants
• Workplace is boring and dangerous because workers must work fast
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Better Times on the Farm
• 1920 – 1/3 of people still on farms
• Isolation reduced by (RFD) mail and parcel post deliveries to farms
• Tenant farmers remained impoverished
• Western farmers benefited from vast irrigation projects
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
“I Hear the Whistle”: Immigrants in the Labor Force
• 1901–1920: Fresh influx of Europeans, Mexicans, Asians to labor force
• Non-English speakers considered a social problem
• Programs to “Americanize” them
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
“I Hear the Whistle”: Immigrants in the Labor Force
• Huge numbers of immigrants enter country to join labor force
• Birds of passage – temporary migrant
• Chinese immigration banned in 1902
• Literacy tests used against other immigrant groups
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Immigration to the United States, 1900–1920 (by Area of Origin)
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Mexican Immigration to the United States, 1900–1920
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Conflict in the Workplace
• Industrial works found their work repetitive and boring
• Safety is big issue especially for woman and children
• The Triangle Fire – forced state and national attention
• Low wages combined with demands for increased productivity led to increase in labor unrest in early 1900s
• Union membership soared
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Organizing Labor
• American Federation of Labor (AFL) led by Samuel Gompers, was the largest union (no unskilled or women) from 250,000 to 1.7 million in 1904
• 1903: Women excluded from A.F.L. form Women’s Trade Union League – few members l
• 1905: Industrial Workers of the World purpose to overthrow capitalism – William D. (Big Bill) Haywood
• Unions try to negotiate and then use strikes
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Labor Union Membership, 1897–1920
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Working with Workers
• Some employers use violence to keep workers in line
• Some employers improve working conditions to avoid trouble
• Henry Ford doubled wages, reduced workday
• Amoskeag – textile mill in New Hampshire
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
A New Urban Culture
• Growing middle class
• Nation of consumers – mass production provided jobs and products that workers could afford (lowered prices)
• Death rate dropped – life span increased
• Cities grew and took on modern look – sky scrapers – department stores, warehouses – wealthy suburbs – zoning, etc.
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