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CHAPTER-II
LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Akah, P. A., & Nwambie, A. I. (1994), In continuation of our evaluation of
the Nigerian traditional medical system which forms an important part of
health care delivery, we investigated some plants attributed to possess potent
anti-rheumatic activity.
2. Atta, A. H., & Alkofahi, A. (1998), The anti-nociceptive effect of ethanolic
extract of 11 traditionally used Jordanian plants was studied by using the
acetic acid-induced writhing and hot-plate test in mice. The anti-
inflammatory effect of these plants was determined by xylene-induced ear
oedema in mice and cotton pellet granuloma test in rats.
3. Atta, A. H., & El-Sooud, K. A. (2004), The antinociceptive effect of
methanolic extracts (200 and 400 mg kg−1
) of eight Egyptian medicinal
plants was studied using acetic acid-induced writhing and tail-flick test in
mice. Oral administration of 400 mg kg−1
methanolic extracts of Convolvulus
fatmensis, Alhagi maurorum, Plantago major seeds, Conyza dioscaridis
significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the nociception to acetic acid-induced
writhes with a protection of 85.5–61.3%. Schouwia thebaica, Diplotaxis
acris, Plantago major leaves and Mentha microphylla, in the large dose,
showed a protection of 50.8–45.8%, which were significantly different as
compared to control.
4. Bighetti, A. E. et.al. (2005), The leaves of Mikania (Asteraceae) species are
used in folk medicine as antispasmodic, antiulcerogenic and antirheumatic
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agents. Phytochemical screening of the crude hydroalcoholic 70% extract
(CHE) of Mikania laevigata Shultz Bip. revealed coumarins, terpenes and
organic acids. Antiulcerogenic activity of CHE was evaluated, employing
different experimental models in rats, to discern the pharmacological
mechanism of action. Both the antisecretory and the cytoprotection
hypothesis were evaluated.
5. Biswas, T. K. & Mukherjee, B. (2003), Research on wound healing drugs
is a developing area in modern biomedical sciences. Scientists who are
trying to develop newer drugs from natural resources are looking toward the
Ayurveda, the Indian traditional system of medicine. Several drugs of plant,
mineral, and animal origin are described in the Ayurveda for their wound
healing properties under the term Vranaropaka.
6. Cos, P., et.al. (2006). Natural products, either as pure compounds or as
standardized plant extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drug
leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. To secure
this, a number of pivotal quality standards need to be set at the level of
extract processing and primary evaluation in pharmacological screening
models.
7. Cowan, M. M. (1999). The use of and search for drugs and dietary
supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years.
Ethnopharmacologists, botanists, microbiologists, and natural-products
chemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and “leads” which could
be developed for treatment of infectious diseases. While 25 to 50% of
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current pharmaceuticals are derived from plants, none are used as
antimicrobials.
8. de S Luna, J., et.al.(2005), In a search for natural products that could be
used to control the vectors of tropical diseases, 23 extracts of medicinal
plants from the northeast of Brazil have been tested for molluscicidal
activity against egg masses and adults of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata,
for larvicidal activity against the larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti, and
for general toxicity against the larvae of the brine shrimp Artemia salina.
9. Dhuley, J. N. (1997), The effect of Indian herbs namely, Asparagus
racemosus, Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera and Picrorhiza
kurrooa on the functions of macrophages obtained from mice treated with
the carcinogen ochratoxin A (OTA) was investigated.
10. Fennell, C. W., et.al. (2004), This paper reviews progress in establishing the
scientific rationale for and safety of traditional medicine use in Africa.
Selected plants were screened for antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic,
anti-amoebic, antischistosomal, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory and
antioxidant activity, as well as psychotropic and neurotropic activity using
appropriate in vitro tests. The issue of quality control may, in the interim, be
addressed using chromatographic techniques.
11. Gebrie, E., et.al. (2005), The practice of traditional medicine for the control
of fertility in most parts of Ethiopia is based on the uses of plant medicines
for many years. The fact that herbal medicines have been employed for such
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a long time does not guarantee their efficacy and safety. The aim of the
present study was, therefore, to carry out phytochemical screening, efficacy
and safety studies on one of the traditionally used antifertility plants: Rumex
steudelii.
12. Grover, J. K., & Yadav, S. P. (2004), Since ancient times, plants and
herbal preparations have been used as medicine. Research carried out in last
few decades has certified several such claims of use of several plants of
traditional medicine. Popularity of Momordica charantia (MC) in various
systems of traditional medicine for several ailments (antidiabetic,
abortifacient, anthelmintic, contraceptive, dysmenorrhea, eczema,
emmenagogue, antimalarial, galactagogue, gout, jaundice, abdominal pain,
kidney (stone), laxative, leprosy, leucorrhea, piles, pneumonia, psoriasis,
purgative, rheumatism, fever and scabies) focused the investigator’s
attention on this plant. There are few reports available on clinical use of MC
in diabetes and cancer patients that have shown promising results.
13. Gupta, M., et.al. (2005), In this study, the anti-inflammatory, analgesic,
and antipyretic effects of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of methanol
extract obtained from Bauhinia racemosa stem bark, the so-called MEBR,
were investigated.
14. Gürbüz, I., et.al. (2005), Several ethnomedicinal plant remedies used in
Pinarbasi, Kayseri, in particular those which are used for the treatment of
several peptic ulcer symptoms such as stomach ache, heartburn, etc. were
selected for evaluation of their anti-ulcerogenic potential.
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15. Gürbüz, I., et.al. (2003), Five herbal remedies used as gastroprotective
crude drugs in Turkey were assessed for anti-ulcerogenic activity using the
EtOH-induced ulcerogenesis model in rat. The crude drugs investigated
comprises fruits of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (Elaeagnaceae), fresh fruits of
Hibiscus esculentus L. (Malvaceae), fresh roots of Papaver rhoeas L.
(Papaveraceae), leaves of Phlomis grandiflora H.S. Thomson (Lamiaceae)
and fresh fruits of Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae).
16. Gutiérrez, R. M. P., et.al. (2008), Psidium guajava, is an important food
crop and medicinal plant in tropical and subtropical countries is widely used
like food and in folk medicine around of the world. This aims a
comprehensive of the chemical constituents, pharmacological, and clinical
uses. Different pharmacological experiments in a number of in vitro and in
vivo models have been carried out.
17. Grzanna, R., et.al. (2005), The anti-inflammatory properties of ginger have
been known and valued for centuries. During the past 25 years, many
laboratories have provided scientific support for the long-held belief that
ginger contains constituents with antiinflammatory properties.
18. Hazekamp, A., et.al. (2001), The ethanolic extract of Clerodendrum
petasites was tested to evaluate the spasmolytic activity on isolated guinea-
pig tracheal smooth muscle. The crude extract (2.25–9.0 mg/ml) dose-
dependently caused relaxation of tracheal smooth muscle which was
contracted by exposure to histamine.
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19. Heinrich, M. & Gibbons, S. (2001), In this paper we discuss some
examples of ethnopharmacological research as it has been conducted during
the last two centuries and look at the current role of this discipline in drug
discovery (especially with respect to the American and European markets)
and the further development of these phytotherapeutical resources for local
use in the countries of origin (ethnopharmacology).
20. Houghton, P. J. (1999), The underground organs of members of the genus
Valeriana (Valerianaceae), as well as related genera such as Nardostachys,
are used in the traditional medicine of many cultures as mild sedatives and
tranquillizers and to aid the induction of sleep.
21. Huang, X., et.al. (2004), Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), due to
their long time clinic test and reliable therapeutic efficacy, are attracting
increased global attention served as excellent pools of bioactive compounds
for the discovery of new drugs.
22. Kumar, B., et.al. (2007), India has a rich tradition of plant-based knowledge
on healthcare. A large number of plants/plant extracts/decoctions or pastes
are equally used by tribals and folklore traditions in India for treatment of
cuts, wounds, and burns.
23. Lahlou, M. (2004), Many essential oils are extracted, analysed and their
main components are identified, characterised and then published without
any biological testing whatsoever. Their useful biological activities can
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remain unknown for years. Yet, the search for these activities often increases
our knowledge of the potential use of oils in therapeutics.
24. Li, W. L., Zheng, et.al. (2004), The rapidly increasing diabetes mellitus is
becoming a serious threat to mankind health in all parts of the world. The
control and treatment of diabetes and its complications mainly depend on the
chemical or biochemical agents, but the fact is that it has never been
reported that someone had recovered totally from diabetes.
25. Lodhi, S., et.al. (2006), Tephrosia purpurea is a well-known herb for its
hepatoprotective, anticancer, antiulcer, antibacterial and in healing bleeding
piles, etc. The present study was aimed for wound healing potential of
ethanolic extract of Tephrosia purpurea (aerial part) in the form of simple
ointment using three types of wound models in rats as incision wound,
excision wound and dead space wound. All parameters were observed
significant (P < 0.05) in comparison to control group.
26. Mathabe, M. C., et.al. (2006), The antibacterial activity was determined by
agar-well diffusion method and expressed as the average diameter of the
zone of inhibition of bacterial growth around the wells.
27. Mukherjee, P. K., et.al. (1998), Ethanol extract of four different plants of
the Khatra region of the Bankura district of West Bengal, India were
evaluated for anti-diarrhoeal activity against different experimental models
of diarrhoea in rats. The extracts of Ficus bengalensis Linn. (hanging roots),
Eugenia jambolana Lam. (bark), Ficus racemosa Linn. (bark) and Leucas
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lavandulaefolia Rees (aerial parts) showed significant inhibitory activity
against castor oil induced diarrhoea and PGE2 induced enteropooling in rats.
28. Palombo, E. A. (2006), Medicinal plants have been used as traditional
treatments for numerous human diseases for thousands of years.
29. Perianayagam, J. B., et.al. (2004), The present study was designed to
investigate the anti-pyretic and analgesic activity of ethanol (EEO) and
aqueous (AEO) extracts of Emblica officinalis fruits in several experimental
models. A single oral dose of EEO and AEO (500 mg/kg, i.p.) showed
significant reduction in brewer’s yeast induced hyperthermia in rats.
30. Pires, J. M., et.al. (2009). The hydroalcohol extracts of Achillea
millefolium L. (AM) and Artemisia vulgaris L. (AV), both belonging to the
Asteraceae family, were evaluated by the hot plate, writhing, formalin and
intestinal transit tests in an attempt to confirm their folk use as analgesic,
antiinflammatory and antispasmodic agents.
31. Perry, E. K., et.al. (1998), The use of complementary medicines such as
plant extracts in dementia therapy, varies according to the different cultural
traditions. In orthodox Western medicine, contrasting with that in China and
the Far East for example, pharmacological properties of traditional cognitive
or memory enhancing plants have not been widely investigated in the
context of current models of Alzheimer's disease.
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32. Quintans Júnior, L. J., et.al. (2008), Seizures are resistant to treatment
with currently available anticonvulsant drugs in about 1 out of 3 patients
with epilepsy. Thus, there is a need for new, more effective anticonvulsant
drugs for intractable epilepsy. However, nature is a rich source of biological
and chemical diversity and a number of plants in the world have been used
in traditional medicine remedies, i.e., anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, analgesic,
antidepressant.
33. Quiroga, E. N., et.al. (2001), Plants synthesise a vast array of secondary
metabolites that are gaining importance for their biotechnological
applications. The antifungal activity of the ethanolic extracts of ten
Argentinean plants used in native medicine is reported.
34. Raja, R. D. A., et.al. (2011), To screen the antimicrobial potential of three
ethnomedicinal plants Chassalia curviflora Thw. (C. curviflora), Cyclea
peltata Hook. F. & Thomson (C. peltata) and Euphorbia hirta L (E. hirta)
used in folk medicines in Aarukani hills Kani tribe, Tamil Nadu, India
against human bacterial pathogens.
35. Raman, A. & Lau, C. (1996), Unripe fruit, seeds and aerial parts of
Momordica charantia Linn. (Cucurbitaceae) have been used in various parts
of the world to treat diabetes.
36. Rates, S. M. K. (2001), This work presents a study of the importance of
natural products, especially those derived from higher plants, in terms of
drug development. It describes the main strategies for obtaining drugs from
natural sources, fields of knowledge involved, difficulties and perspectives.
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It also includes a brief discussion of the specific situation in Brazil regarding
the use of, trade in, and research into therapeutic resources of natural origin
and the general lack of awareness of the use of potentially toxic plants,
mainly in folk medicine.
37. Saha, A., et.al. (2007), The petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol
extracts of Phyllanthus reticulatus. Poir. (Euphorbiaceae) were chosen for
pharmacological screening. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, the ethyl
acetate extract in doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg showed 51.23 and 65.12%
inhibition of writhing, respectively.
38. Sosa, S., et.al. (2002), Hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts of seven
herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America against skin
disorders (Aristolochia trilobata leaves and bark, Bursera simaruba bark,
Hamelia patens leaves, Piper amalago leaves, and Syngonium podophyllum
leaves and bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity
against the Croton oil-induced ear oedema in mice.
39. Tagboto, S. & Townson, S. (2001), There is an increasing awareness of the
potential of natural products, which may lead to the development of much-
needed new antiparasitic drugs. In this chapter, we have drawn together a
comprehensive list of medicinal plants and other natural products that have
been shown to have activity against human and, to a lesser extent, animal
parasites.
40. Van Vuuren, S. F. (2008), This paper reviews the antimicrobial research
undertaken on South African medicinal plants during the period 1997–2008.
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41. Venkatesan, N., et.al. (2005), Asparagus racemosus Wild root has been
used traditionally in Ayurveda for the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery.
However, the claims of Ayurveda need to be validated by a suitable
experimental model. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate
the effect of ethanol and aqueous extracts of Asparagus racemosus for its
antidiarrhoeal potential against several experimental models of diarrhoea in
Albino Wistar rats.
42. Wang, M., et.al. (2005), The introduction of the concept of systems biology,
enabling the study of living systems from a holistic perspective based on the
profiling of a multitude of biochemical components, opens up a unique and
novel opportunity to reinvestigate natural products.
43. Wang, M. Y., et.al. (2002), Morinda citrifolia L (Noni) has been used in
folk remedies by Polynesians for over 2000 years, and is reported to have a
broad range of therapeutic effects, including antibacterial, antiviral,
antifungal, antitumor, antihelmin, analgesic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory,
and immune enhancing effects. In order to reveal the nutritional and
medicinal value of the Noni plant, and to summarize scientific evidence that
supports the Polynesians' claim, a literature review and recent advances in
Noni research is given below.
44. Wattanapitayakul, S. K., et.al. (2005), Doxorubicin is an important and
effective anticancer drug widely used for the treatment of various types of
cancer but its clinical use is limited by dose-dependent cardiotoxicity.
Elevated tissue levels of cellular superoxide anion/oxidative stress are a
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mechanism by which doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Selected
medicinal plant extracts were tested for their antioxidant capacity and
cardioprotective effect against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.
45. Williamson, E. M. (2001), Synergistic interactions are of vital importance
in phytomedicines, to explain difficulties in always isolating a single active
ingredient, and explain the efficacy of apparently low doses of active
constituents in a herbal product.
46. Zenk, M. H. (1991), The development of plant cell cultures for the study of
the biosynthesis of secondary metabolises in the 1970s revolutionized the
field. It became possible to identify, characterize and ultimately, in specific
cases, to purify the biocatalysts involved in the individual transformations. It
is without question that plant cell cultures have become a central,
indispensable vehicle in secondary metabolic research.
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