chapter 8b review

CHAPTER 8B REVIEW

ESSAY #1

• MITOSISa. 2n to 2n(diploid to

diploid)b. forms cells

identical to parent cell

• MEIOSIS• a. 2n to n• (diploid to

haploid)• b. forms cells

different from parent cell

ESSAY #1 (cont.)

• MITOSIS

• c. 1 divison

• d. forms 2 daughter cells

• e. makes somatic cells

• MEIOSIS

• c. 2 divisions

• d. forms 4 daughter cells

• e. makes sex cells

ESSAY #2

• HOW IS A KARYOTYPE MADE?• A. Blood is separated with a

centrifuge (fluid plasma on top and cells on bottom)

• B. A hypotonic solution is added to break the cell membrane of the RBC

• C. White blood cells are used

• D. Cells stopped in metaphase with colchicine

• E. Arranged by size, shape, bars matching

ESSAY #3

• Each of the disorders is a 5 point essay:• DOWN SYNDROME-• 1. round face• 2. small teeth• 3. flat bridge on nose• 4. mentally challenged• 5. susceptible to respiratory problems,

Alzheimers• Trisomy 21• Short stature

ESSAY #3

• KLINEFELTER’S SYNDROME (do 5)• A. small testes• B. infertile (cannot bear children)• C. breast development• D. rounded hips• E. XXY (you may only use one of the

chromosome letters)• F. poor beard growth

ESSAY #3

• TURNER SYNDROME• A. small ovaries• B. infertile (cannot bear children)• C. web of skin between head and

shoulders• D. poor breast development• E. XO• F. short stature

1. Somatic or Sex Cell?

• Skin• Somatic• Sperm• Sex• Blood• Somatic• Egg• sex

2. Difference between…

• Sex chromosomes and autosomes?

• ANSWER: Sex chromosomes are X and Y (usually #23)

Autosomes are rest of chromosomes, in human karyotype #1-22

3. What is the difference…

• Between diploid and haploid (and symbols)?

• ANSWER:Diploid is 2n with 2 sets of chromosomes in a cell

• Haploid is n with one set of chromosmes in a cell

#4

• What are homologous chromosomes?

• ANSWER: two sister chromatids from the father and two sister

chromatids from the

mother with the same

inherited characteristics

#5

• What is the diploid and the haploid number for humans?

• ANSWER: diploid – 2n = 46

• haploid – n = 23

#6 Karyotypes: Which is it?

• Klinefelter’s

• Turner’s

• Normal Male

• Normal Female

• Normal Female

• Due to XX

Which does not belong?

• Skin cell

• Diploid

• Gamete

• Somatic cell

• ANSWER: gamete

Which does not belong?

• 2N

• Haploid

• Gamete

• Sperm

• Egg

• ANSWER: 2N

6. Which is not a male?• XXY• XY• XO• XXXY• Which is the normal male?• XO is not a male and XY is the

normal male

7. Which phase lasts the longest?

• Prophase I

• Metaphase I

• Prophase II

• Metaphase II

• Prophase I (Think!! a lot goes on here)

Meiosis or Mitosis?

• Makes cells that are haploid?

• Meiosis

• Makes cells that are diploid?

• Mitosis

• Makes sex cells

• meiosis

What is the difference between

• A gamete and a zygote?

• A gamete is a sex cell (like egg and sperm) and a zygote if a fertilized egg (the joining of egg and sperm)

8. And 10.How are they related?

• Tetrad and synapsis

• Tetrad are 4 homologous chromosomes and synapsis is the joining of these 4 to form a tetrad

8. In what phase…

• Does synapsis (joining of tetrads) form?

• Prophase I

• Prophase II

• Metaphase I

• Metaphase II

• ANSWER: Prophase 1

9. Crossover

• When does it occur?

• During prophase I

• Between which two chromosomes does it occur?

• Inner two of a tetrad

• What is the site where it occurs?

• chiasma

11. What is a chiasma?

A

B

C

11. CHIASMA ANSWER

Point where crossing over occurs between two inner chromosomes

12.Hair color

• Is a gene on a chromosome. The variations of it, such as brown, red, or black would be known as _________.

• Alleles are the choices of a gene

13. + 23. How many possible combinations?

• What is the formula?

• 2n

• What does n stand for?

• Haploid number

• How many combos if n = 2?

• 4

13. (cont.) How many possible combinations?

• How many combos if n = 3?

• 8 = (2 x 2 x 2)

• How many combos if n = 23?

• About 8 million

14. Karyotypes: Which is it?

• Klinefelter’s

• Turner’s

• Normal Male

• Normal Female

• ANSWER: Turner’s

14. Karyotypes: Which is it?

• Klinefelter’s

• Turner’s

• Normal Male

• Normal Female

• ANSWER: Normal Male

14. Karyotypes: Which is it?

• Klinefelter’s

• Turner’s

• Normal Male

• Normal Female

• ANSWER: Klinefelter’s

Name the disorder:

• XO

• Turner’s syndrome

• XXXY

• Klinefelter’s syndrome

• Trisomy 21

• Down Syndrome

15.What type of mutation?

• Duplication• Insertion• Deletion• Translocation• Inversion• Duplication

15. What type of mutation?

• Insertion• Deletion• Translocation• Inversion

• Deletion

15. What type of mutation?

• Insertion• Deletion• Translocation• Inversion

• Inversion

15. What type of mutation?

• Insertion• Deletion• Translocation• Inversion• Translocation

Just Checking: What is this showing?

• Crossing over• It occurs during what phase?

• Prophase I

16. What is CML?

• A cancer caused by the translocation of chromosome _________ and ________.

• 9 and 22

In case you wondered…CML

• Also called: The Philadelphia Chromosome (Ph1)

• Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

17. If the testicle cell has

• 50 chromosomes, how many chromosomes does the sperm have?100 50 25 10

• ANSWER: 25

18. What are the chances?

• That a female with Down Syndrome will have a child with Down Syndrome?

100% 75% 50% 25% 0%

• ANSWER: 50%

Give the missing info

• If the Diploid Number is…

• 46

• 18

• 72

• Then the Hapoid Number is…

• 23

• 9

• 36

19. Which part of Meiosis…

• Is like mitosis (except it has two cells)?

• Meiosis I

• Meiosis II

• ANSWER: Meiosis II

21. Who determines…

• The sex of the offspring? Father or mother

• FATHER

• WHY?

• If he donates an X = child is girl (XX)

• If he donates a Y = child is a boy (XY)

• Mother only can donate an X

22. Define:• Karyotype:

• A. diagram of meiosis

• B. An orderly display of magnified images of the individual chromosomes

• C. chromosomes as they appear in Prophase I

• ANSWER: B

23. Define…

• Nondisjunction:

• A. switching of parts of two chromosomes

• B. inversion of two parts of a chromosome

• C. members of chromosome pairs fail to separate

• D. You Diss Yo Homey

• ANSWER: C

What are the two gametes of humans?

• A. egg and sperm

• B. X and Y

• C. ovaries and testes

• D. Klinefelter’s and Turner’s

• ANSWER: A

In which phase of Meiosis?

• Do the tetrads form?

• Prophase I

• Are 4 haploid cells formed?

• Telophase II

Which phase of Meiosis?

• Do you know?

• How many cells?

• Is it Meiosis I or II?

• PROPHASE II

Which phase of meiosis?

• Where are the centrioles?

• Where are the tetrads?

• Metaphase I

Which phase of meiosis?

• How many cells?Haploid or diploid?

• Telophase II

Which phase of meiosis?

• How many cells?Where are the chromatids?

• Metaphase II

Which phase of meiosis?

• Where are the chromatids?

• Meiosis I or II?

• Anaphase I

Which phase of meiosis?

• Where are the chromosomes going?How many cells?

• Anaphase II

Which phase of meiosis?

• How many cells?

• Nuclear Membrane?

• Where are the centrioles?

• Prophase II

How many cells form?

• At the end of meiosis?

• 4 haploid

• At the end of mitosis?

• 2 diploid

Mitosis or Meiosis?

•Has 1 division•Mitosis•Has 2 divisions•Meiosis

Mitosis or Meiosis?

• Makes identical cells?• Mitosis• Makes similar, but not identical cells?

• Meiosis

Mitosis or Meiosis?

• Which makes sex cells?

• Meiosis

• Which makes somatic cells?

• Mitosis

Match the disorder

• Round face, small teeth, flattened nose, sluggish muscles, Trisomy 21

• Sterile, breast enlargement, small testicles, XXY

• Short, sterile, underdeveloped breasts, XO

• A. Turner’s syndrome

• B. Klinefelter’s syndrome

• C. Down Syndrome

Making a karyotype?

• Stop cells in what phase?

• Metaphase

• With what chemical?

• Colchicine

• Use what type of cells?

• White Blood Cells