chapter 8: recognizing comparison/contrast and cause/effect patterns active reading skills, 2/e...
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Chapter 8: Recognizing Comparison/Contrast and
Cause/Effect Patterns
Active Reading Skills, 2/eKathleen McWhorter
Brette McWhorter Sember
PowerPoint by Gretchen Starks-Martin
Comparison/Contrast Patterns
Comparison: Explains how items, people, or events are alike.
Contrast: Explains how items, people, or events are different.
Compare and Contrast Two Professors
Similarities:
Both require attendance.
Both give essay exams.
Both are fair.
Both have a sense of humor.
Both wear casual clothes.
Differences: Only Miller assigns a term
paper. Only Wright demands class
participation. Wright is married, while
Miller is single. They graduated from
different universities.
Items A and B: Professor Miller and Professor Wright
Comparison Pattern Map
Item A Item B
Similarity 1
Similarity 2
Similarity 3
Transitions Used in the Comparison Pattern
alikesamesimilarsimilaritylike
likewisebothjust as eachin common
Contrast Pattern Map
Item A Item B
Difference 1
Difference 2
Transitions Used in the Contrast Pattern
unlikedifferentdifferenceon the other handinstead
in contrastdespiteneverthelesshoweverbut
Using Both Comparison and Contrast
Similarities:
Both require attendance.
Both give essay exams.
Both are fair.
Both have a sense of humor.
Both wear casual clothes.
Differences: Only Miller assigns a term
paper. Only Wright demands class
participation. Wright is married, while
Miller is single. They graduated from
different universities.
Items A and B: Professor Miller and Professor Wright
Cause/Effect Patterns
Writers use the cause/effect pattern to explain why an
event or action causes another event or action.
Single Cause/Multiple Effects
Cause
Effect A
Effect B
Effect C
Single Cause/Multiple Effects
Overexposure to the sun
Burned skin
Wrinkles andage spots
Skin cancer
Multiple Causes/Single Effect Map
Effect
Cause A
Cause B
Cause C
Multiple Causes/Single Effect Map
Good Exam Grade
Attend class
Take Notes
Study the text
Transitions in the Cause/Effect Pattern
cause effectbecause consequently
because of as a result
since one result is
due to therefore
reasons thus
Other Useful Thought Patterns
Classification
Statement and Clarification
Summary
Addition
Spatial Order
Classification Pattern
Topics are divided into parts and each part is explained.
Transitions: • another, another kind• classified as• include• is composed of• one• types of
Statement and Clarification Pattern
Writers make a statement of fact and then clarify or explain that statement.
Transitions:• in fact• in other words• clearly• evidently• obviously
Summary Pattern
A summary is a condensed statement that provides the key points of a larger idea or piece of writing.
Transitions: • in summary• in conclusion• in brief• to summarize• to sum up• in short• on the whole
Addition Pattern
Writers introduce an idea or make a statement and then supply additional information about that idea or statement.
Transitions:
• furthermore• additionally• also• besides• further• in addition• moreover• again
Spatial Order Pattern
Spatial order is concerned with the physical location or position in space. (photography or automotive technology texts as an example)
Spatial Order Transitions
Transitions:
• above• below• besides• next to• n front of• behind• inside• outside• opposite• within• nearby
Evaluating Your Progress
Use the “Patterns of Organization-New York” module in the Reading Skills section on the MyReadingLab Web site at http://www.ablongman.com/myreadinglab.
For more practice visit the Companion Web site.
http://www.ablongman.com/mcwhorter
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