chapter 8 1975 to 1985 augmenting human intellect 1

CHAPTER 8 1975 to 1985

Augmenting Human Intellect

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1975+Altair + others and expansion Minicomputer also “booming”

DEC: PDP-8, PDP- 11 Prime: 32 bit mini Interdata - “mega-mini” Systems engineering Laboratory; 32-bit

Popular NASA / aerospaceGould bought

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DEC AttitudeProud of architecture innovationsRejected 8080 to keep architectural

decision in their controlDid not license the PDP-11 instruction

set to chip makers Give away “corporate jewels” Also kept DEC out of PC market

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DEC VAX

1977- VAX announcedVirtual Address eXtension of PDP-11

Implication: 32 bit PPD-11Really a new machinePDP-11 mode available

VAX 11-780

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VAX Virtual MemoryNot first; in IBM 370 (few others)

But was important upgrade4.3 gigabytes virtual memory

1 million 32-bit wordsPaged memory, swaps between

core & drum, associative technique

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VAX FeaturesMIPS - 1 million

instructions/second16 32-bit general

registers250+ instructions

9 addressing modes

VT-100 TerminalPowerful, easy to

useScrolled by pixelASCII based

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VAX SuccessSpeed was the benchmark$120,000 and upSold 100,000 in the next decadeSurpassed other 32-bit mini’sCould run UNIX

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IBM in the 70’sNew Mainframes – LSI chips

1977- 3033, 1979- 4300 - Less cost per performance

SNA–Systems Networking Architecture 1974: Standards for networking large

computers Used into the 1990’s

1975 - 5100 PC Sold; but not a great success $9,000, big, heavy 8

IBM in CourtU.S. vs. IBM; Jan. 17, 1969Filed by Justice Dept.

Violations of anti-trust laws by virtue of it’s market dominance (70%) for g.p. electronic computers

10 years of testimony, depositions, etc. Trial in 1975

Judge overwhelmed by jargon Focused on mainframes, not emerging smaller market

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IBM in Court

Witness: “…it is most unlikely that any major new venture into the g.p. computing industry can be expected” 1977: as Apple II introduced at CA conference

Dismissed in 1981 Competitors were getting RICH Still lots of healthy companies Not Noted: PC’s were changing everything

Hurt development, non-standard with others10

Terminals & Networks1970’s – private networks emerged

MEDLINEOLTP – online transaction processingDumb terminals developed

VT-100 – standard ASCII 3270 – IBM EBCDIC standard

Smart TerminalsBlurred line: terminal vs. PC

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Wang - Office Automation

Pioneered Calculators 1972 - Model 2200 -

computing calculator Office Automation = Word

Processing Not Successful - expensive,

“scary” WPS-1976

$30,000 - Hard-disk & screen G.P., distributed computing

system

Bankrupt in 1990’s – in the PC market

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Goal: to anticipate profound changes that technology would bring to the handling of information in the business world

Xerox concerned about “paperless office” Two Important Points

Palo Alto – early Silicon Valley Mansfield Amendment

No DOD funds without specific relationship to military; NSF for basic research not funded

Lots of available researchers 13

Doug EnglebartStanfordInvented the Mouse-1967Inspired by Vannevar Bush’s “Atlantic

Monthly” article “As we may think”- 1945

Wanted to improve communication between man and computer

Dec . 1968 - Fall Joint Computer Conference, San Francisco, “Augmented Knowledge Workshop” 14

J.C.R. LickliderPsychologist, MIT

“Man - Computer Symbiosis”“The Computer as a Communication

Device”ARPA - 1962

“Galactic Network”- his visionEncouraged Englebart

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More Xerox PARC

Developed but did not commercialize GUI with mouse, Ethernet

Alto Computer - $18,000 1000 @ PARC, most networked WYSIWYG

Commercial Star 8010 Marketed as a network to executives

- 10 years early - Wang

Never had any commercial successes 16

PC’s - 1977- 19851977- Radio Shack TRS-80 - Model I

$400 + Z-80 processor chip Nation-wide marketing BASIC, cassette

“Signaled end of experimental phase of personal computing & beginning of mature phase”

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PC’s (cont.)Commodore PET

6502 processorMore popular in Europe, @ MSU

Apple II - Jobs and Wozniak6502 processorFewer chips than Altair, but

out-performed

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Apple

1977 - $10,5000 to MS for BASIC license - saved MS financially

Bus architecture & expansion slotsOutsold TRS-80 & PET; even

though more $$$Still didn’t threaten establishment

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Innovations – Apple’s 5 ¼ Disk1977- 8’’ disks - MITS, IMSAI -

ExpensiveApple - drives from Shugart Assoc.

50 chips Wozniak redesigned with 5 chips “a marvel of elegance & economy”

113 Kbytes$495 (drive + OS + controller)“Last pivotal computer” 20

Visi Calc- 1979Bricklin & Frankston- developersFlystra, marketedSoftware ArtsOn Apple - $200Was big successSW tail wags HW dog

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IBM PC- August 1981 Intel 8088, 16 bit word; external 8 bit* ASCII, Internal drives 62-pin bus 5 Expansion slots ROM - MS BASIC 3 Operating Systems available

CPM-86 (1982) Pascal-based from UCSC PC- DOS*

Full screen - 25 lines X 80 characters Color available 22

IBM PC (cont.)Word processing, accounting, games,

VisiCalc Oct. 1982 - Lotus 1-2-3

faster than VisiCalcIBM passed AppleDecember 1982

Time Magazine Computer named “Man of the Year”

for 1983 23

IBM PC (cont’d)Again misjudged demandEstimate 250,000 total sales

Some months nearly thatTransformed MS to dominance

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Why MS-DOS?IBM going “outside” for lot - hw & swMS Provided Basic for 8088Planned to use CP/M - Gary Kildall

He wasn’t there when IBM visitedDispute over “non-disclosure” DEC Promised 16-bit version, but late

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MS-DOS (cont.)MS offered PC-DOS

Retained rights to marketHad paid $15K to Seattle Computer

products for rights to 86-DOSEnded up as MS-DOS Windows

Most influential & longest lasting sw ever

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MS DOS vs. CP/MRetained BIOSTerminology (PIP to Copy)More intuitive syntaxEliminated reboot for wrong disk

“Abort, Retry, Fail?”Discussed multi-tasking, not time

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Comments1984 - If IBM’s PC division were a

separate company, would have been #3 in industry, behind IBM & DEC

640K addressable memory: Thought to be very adequate, soon a road block

Compatibles- mixed resultsNow locked into IBM PC architecture

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1984 - Apple MacintoshInfluenced from Xerox PARCDesigner Jeff Raskin“Lisa” had been a flop($10k)

Wanted cheaper versionMouse and GUI, 3.5” disk$2,495Motorola 68001985 – Appletalk - networking

No hard drive so MAC couldn’t be a server 29

Macintosh (cont.)Closed Architecture-can’t add boards

Allowed it to be cheaperNot in current trend of H.W.

1987 - Color monitorSystem SW was it’s greatest strength

Copied by MS for WindowsDifficult to develop applications for Elegant but slower than DOS

4 Mb Memory (PC 640K) 30

PC ClonesMost IBM PC’s consisted of parts from

other manufacturers - anyone could buySame with S.W.- e.g. PC-DOSIBM retained BIOS codeCompaq

3 guys from TI Reverse engineered BIOS 1983 - 1st clone Top 100 companies by 1985 31

Clones (cont.)Phoenix Technologies

Reverse engineered BIOS Sold to anyone

Lotus 1-2-3 & Flight Simulator became tests for compatibility

By 1990’s - other companies made more selling IBM clones, than IBM

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CHAPTER 8 1975 to 1985

Augmenting Human Intellect

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