chapter 7 section 2

Challenges of UrbanizationChapter 7 – Section 2

Urban OpportunitiesUrbanization- the growth of citiesSettle in cities

Cheap and convenientSteady jobs for unskilled workersBy 1910, immigrants made up more than ½

population of 18 major citiesGreatest amount of urban growth in NEMost urban growth due to recent immigrants

Americanization Movement-Social campaign sponsored by government and concerned citizensDesigned to assimilate cultures into the dominant culture

Why the City?Immigrants:

Cheapest and most convenient places to live Offer unskilled laborers steady jobsEthnic neighborhoods and cultural opportunities

Farmers:Fewer farm laborers needed due to technology (ex. Steel plow)

African Americans:Few farm laborers needed due to technologyHope of less racial violence and political oppression than in the South

Urban ProblemsHousing

Row houses – single-family dwellings that shared side walls

TenementsMulti family urban dwellings

City ZooBesides people, the cities were home to herds of animals. Horses, of course, were used for transportation and had to be stabled somewhere. People kept chickens and pigs to eat and cows for milk. In 1867, a New York law finally ordered pig-owners to keep their animals from running loose in the streets.

TransportationMass transit – designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes

Jacob RiisJacob Riis, a Danish immigrant, became a crusading police reporter in New York City in 1877. His job took him into some of New York City’s worst slums, where he was shocked at the conditions in the overcrowded, airless, filthy tenements. Riis used his photographic talents to expose the hardships of New York City’s poor.

Problems of Rapidly Growing Urban Centers

Overcrowding and unsanitary housingUnsafe drinking waterHigh CrimeFiresTransportation

WaterBuilt public waterworksFiltration introduced 1870sChlorination 1908

Crime1st fulltime police force NYC 1844Too small to have much impact

SanitationBy 1900 many cities had developed sewer linesCreated sanitation depts.Ongoing challenge

FireLimited water supplyPacked with wooden buildingsKerosene heaters and candlesCincinnati, Ohio 1st paid fire dept. 1853

UrbanizationThe Tenement House Department's survey found that the Tenth Ward in New York City was the most densely populated in the city.In 1903, it had a population of 69,944 or approximately 665 people per acre. One block that encompassed 2.04 acres had a total population of 2,223 people (1,089 per acre) comprising 450 families.

Settlement House Movement

Social Gospel MovementPreached salvation through service to the poor

Settlement HousesCommunity centers in slumsProvided educational, cultural and social servicesRun by mostly middle class, college educated womenJane Addams founded Chicago’s Hull House in 1889

Hull House

Main IdeasTaking Notes

Re-create the spider map below on your paper. List urban problems on the vertical lines. Fill in details about attempts that were made to solve each problem.

Solutions to Urban Problems

Main IdeasTaking Notes

Re-create the spider map below on your paper. List urban problems on the vertical lines. Fill in details about attempts that were made to solve each problem.

Solutions to Urban Problems

Hous

ing

Dumbell tenements

Row houses

Tran

spor

tatio

n

New street-car lines

Subways

Uns

afe

wat

er

Public waterworks

chlorination

filtration

Main IdeasTaking Notes

Re-create the spider map below on your paper. List urban problems on the vertical lines. Fill in details about attempts that were made to solve each problem.

Solutions to Urban Problems

Sani

tatio

n

Sewer lines

Sanitation departments

Fire

Wood replaced w/ brick

Full-time fire dept.

Concrete

Stone