chapter 7 ppt.ppt
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Chapter 7
Installation and Boot Process Overview
7.1 Preparing for the Installation
7.2 The Installation Process
7.3 Boot Process7.4 Troubleshooting NOS Installation
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Preparing for the Installation
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Installing a NOS
Netor! operating s"ste# $NOS%installation is the process of creatingan& cop"ing NOS s"ste# files to a har&&is!.
B" purchasing a P' or ser(er ith apreinstalle& OS) a custo#er a(oi&s theco#ple* process of installation an&
configuration. The &rabac! is that a custo#er #a"
not be able to control the e*actfeatures) pac!ages) an& configurationof the OS or NOS.
NOS ainistrators usuall" prefer to
ha(e &irect control of softare (ersions)up&ates) an& patches installe& on thes"ste#.
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Planning the System
The NOS installation shoul& be carefull" prepare&. There is no one NOS that or!s ith all co#puter
har&are) so &eter#ine hether the currentl" a(ailablehar&are ill or! ith the NOS.
+eter#ine if the NOS supports all application softare that
ill be loa&e& on the s"ste#. Beco#e fa#iliar ith the NOS itself. ,s part of the
installation process) i#portant configuration &ecisions illha(e to be #a&e.
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Planning Hardware Installation
-erif" that e(er"thing specifie&in the installation plan is rea&"an& a(ailable before beginningthe installation.
,cti(ities inclu&e
/ -erif"ing the Installation Site/ -erif"ing the Poer Source
/ -erif"ing the 0PS Sie
/ ,&euate Te#perature in aSer(er oo#
/ -erif"ing the Netor!'onnection
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Server Hardware Components
'hec! the co#ponents that ill beuse& to asse#ble the netor!ser(er.
So#e (en&ors &o not asse#ble allthe har&are for a netor! ser(erhen the" are or&ere&.
-erif" that the ser(er chassis is thecorrect #o&el that as or&ere&an& the correct for# factor.
ost ser(er chassis are either of atoer configuration) a i&e5 or
6fat5 toer configuration) or a rac!5#ount configuration.
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Server Hardware Components
, rac!5#ount ser(erchassis #ust be #ounte&
in an euip#ent rac!
&esigne& for rac!5
#ounte& har&are. The rac!s generall" co#e
in se(eral sies $heights%.
The rac! sie is #easure&
in rac! units $0% an& astan&ar& rac! unit is 1.78
inches.
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Server Hardware Components
-erif" that the folloing pro&ucts are or&ere&/ , #onitor that supports -9, resolution of at least 1:24 b"
7;< &ots per inch $&pi%
/ 0PS is a(ailable for the netor! ser(er
/ ,n a&euate bac!up s"ste#
/ The correct cables ha(e been &eli(ere& to connect the S'SIchannel controller to the &is! &ri(es
/ The correct nu#ber an& t"pe of processors are a(ailableith #e#or" for the# to a&euatel" perfor# their function
/ The correct S'SI a&apter an& ,I+ controller
/ The correct =ibre 'hannel host bus a&apter $>B,%
/ The netor! interface car& $NI'%
/ Other har&are that #ight be reuire& for the netor! ser(er
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Hardware Requirements
The #ost current (ersions of popular NOSs) such as ?in&os @P an&e& >at 7) can onl" run on certain har&are configurations.
?hen choosing an NOS (ersion to install) (erif" that the !e" ele#entsof the s"ste# har&are #eet the #ini#u# reuire#ents of the NOS./ 'P0 t"pe $architecture%
/ 'P0 spee&
/ ,#ount of ,/ ,#ount of a(ailable har& &is! space
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Creating a Hardware Inventory
The har&are in(entor" shoul& be create& before an"installation progra#s are run or before an" atte#pt toprepare the har& &is! for installation.
The har&are in(entor" shoul& inclu&e the folloingfor each &e(ice
/ +e(ice t"pe
/ anufacturer
/ o&el nu#ber
/ +e(ice &ri(er (ersion
/ BIOS re(ision nu#ber/ A*pansion car&s an& peripheral &e(ices attache& to
the s"ste#
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Creating a Hardware Inventory
So#e installations #a" reuire #ore &etailsabout the har&are) such as the slot herean e*pansion car& is locate&) or e(en the
u#per settings on a particular car&.
ost of this infor#ation can be obtaine& b"using a utilit" such as +e(ice anager.
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Identifying Hardware
Using Device Manager
In ?in&os 2::: the &e(iceappears ith a "ello uestion#ar! ne*t to the &e(ice na#ein +e(ice anager.
The easiest a" to i&entif" if
the har&are &ri(er has notbeen installe& is to loo! at the&e(ice an& if it has a uestion#ar! in a "ello circle ne*t toit.
This icon #eans ?in&os2::: recognie& the &e(icebut coul& not fin& a suitable&ri(er for it.
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Checking Hardware
Compatibility Lists
'hec! ith the NOS an&har&are #anufacturers to(erif" that the har&are isco#patible ith the NOS.
?hile softare an& har&are#anuals #a" containco#patibilit" infor#ation) the#ost up5to5&ate source ofthis infor#ation is the ?orl&?i&e ?eb.
The e& >at ebsite offers ahar&are co#patibilit" list.
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Verifying the Network
To test network connectivitywhen using the TCP/IP protocol,all network operating systemsuse the pingcommand.
Here are successful pingcommands using a TCP/IPaddress in Windows and Linux
Here are unsuccessful ping
commands in Windows andLinux.
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The Installation Process
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Installation Media
T"picall") a NOS is installe& using a '+5O that containsthe s"ste# files an& an installation progra#.
In so#e cases) a NOS is installe& (ia flopp" &is!s.
If a high5spee& Internet connection is a(ailable) it #a" bepossible to install a (ersion of ?in&os) 0NI@) or Cinu* o(er a
netor!. ?ith a C,N connection) it is possible to install #ost NOSs
using the local netor!.
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BIOS Settings
The Basic InputDOutput S"ste#$BIOS% t"picall" resi&es in Oon the #otherboar& an& is thefirst progra# run hen a s"ste#is poere& on.
It is responsible for testinghar&are &e(ices using aprocess calle& Poer5On SelfTest $POST%.
The BIOS also loa&s theoperating s"ste# fro# (arious
#e&ia) inclu&ing har& &is!s)flopp" &is!s) an& usuall" '+5Os.
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The Installation Program
An installation program controls andsimplifies the installation process.
Depending on the NOS, the installation
program prompts the user for
configuration information. Most installation programs allow
partitioning and formatting of the
hard disk before copying system files.
Partitioning and formatting arediscussed in the next few sections.
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The Installation Program
In Windows, the installation
program is called setup.exe.
On a Red Hat Linux system, the
installation program is currentlycalled Anaconda.
These programs guide the user
through the NOS installation
process.
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The Installation Program
Installation programs also give theuser the option to install a default
set of components or choose each
component manually.
If installing a NOS for the first time,or installing a NOS on a non-production
server, consider using one of these
defaults. Using a default setting
simplifies the installation process and
ensures that a crippled or non-
functioning system will not be created.
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The Installation Program
If the server is going to be putinto production, strongly
consider a custom installation.
Manually choosing the componentsand features will guarantee that
the system is built for the
specific tasks required in a
specific environment.
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Disk partitions
In order to efficiently use the storage spaceon a hard disk, the disk is divided into
sections called partitions or slices.
Each partition, or slice, is a logical division
of the hard disk. A disk can have one or more
partitions. Typically, a network server is configured with
multiple partitions before installing the NOS.
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Disk partitions
A system with multiple disk partitionshas the following advantages:
Multiple operating systems can be installed on the
same disk.
Data can be physically separated from the system files
to provide security, file management, and/or fault
tolerance.
specific partition, called a !s"ap! partition, can be
created in order supplement the system #M and
enhance performance.
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Partitioning a disk
On s"ste#s that use a +OS5t"pe partition table) such as?in&os an& Cinu*) the first sector of the &is! is calle& theaster Boot ecor& $B% or the aster Boot Sector.
If the B or &is! label is corrupte& or otherise lost) the s"ste#ill no longer boot properl". =or this reason) a cop" of theBD&is! label shoul& be !ept as a bac!up on a flopp" &is!.
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Partitioning a disk
ost NOS installation softare inclu&es a progra# calle& =+ISE.=+ISE stan&s for fi*e& &is!. =+ISE progra#s are &esigne& to#anipulate the partition table of a har& &is!. , =+ISE progra#can be use& to create partitions) &elete partitions) an& setpartitions as Facti(e.
Cinu* pro(i&es a (ersion of =+is! as ell) although the (ersionthat Cinu* uses is f&is!) ith all loercase letters. The Cinu*(ersion of f&is! is test5base& as ell but pro(i&es a #ore fle*ible#eans of partitioning a har& &is! than &oes icrosoft (ersion.
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Partitioning a disk
Cinu* pro(i&es its on tools that can be use& hen installing a Cinu*5onl" s"ste#.
These are 90I tools that are #uch #ore easier to use than f&is!. There are so#ethir& part" tools that can be use& to partition a Cinu* s"ste#. The best5!non toolfor &oing this is PoerGuest Partitionagic
FIPS is apartitioning tool is inclu&e& in the installation '+ that co#e ith #ostof the Cinu* &istributions. =irst Non&estructi(e Interacti(e Partitioning Splitting$=IPS% is a large partitioning tool that can be use& to split a =,T partition into to
partitions. =IPS is #ost co##onl" use& on ?in&os s"ste#s that nee& to #a!e aseparate partition to install Cinu* on. =IPS &oes this b" first splitting the e*isting =,Tpartition. Then "ou can &elete that partition an& installing Cinu* on that nepartition.
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$"ap %iles
, sap file is an area of the har& &is! that is
use& for (irtual #e#or". -irtual #e#or" is
har& &is! space that is use& to supple#ent
,.
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$"ap %iles
,lthough ?in&os uses a sap file) it &oesnot ha(e to be configure&. The sap file is
create& as a file in the NOS partition.
0NI@ s"ste#s t"picall" &e&icate an entire
partition to sap space. This partition) or
slice) is calle& the sap partition. The
#ini#u# sie of the sap partition shoul& be
eual to tice the co#puter ,) or 32 B)hiche(er a#ount is larger) but no #ore than
12< B on a e& >at Cinu* s"ste#.
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%ormatting the Disk
When formatting a partition on a Windows NOS,
choose between the following file systems:
NTFS (New Technology File System) Recommendedfor network servers
FAT32
FAT
When formatting a UNIX or Linux partition, choose
between the following file systems:
UFS (UNIX File System)
EXT3
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&reating an Initial dministrative ccount
The ainistrati(e account has unrestricte& access to createan& &elete users an& files.
An administrative account is very powerful and
requires a "strong" password. A password is
considered strong when it contains eight
characters or more and does not use
recognizable names or words found in adictionary. Strong passwords also use a
combination of upper and lowercase letters,
numbers, and other characters.
For example: bUCc@n33r is a stronger password
than buccaneer03!
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&ompleting the Installation
After providing the installation program with
the necessary information, the program will
create the NOS system files on the hard disk.
Other basic applications and components will
also be copied to the hard disk, as determined
by the installation program. Depending on the size of the NOS, the number of
selected components, and the speed of server,
it can take from a few minutes to over an hour
to complete the copying process.
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The 'oot Process
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The $teps of the 'oot Process
The Windows 2000 boot process occurs in fivestages:
Step 1.The pre-boot sequence
Step 2.The boot sequence
Step 3.The kernel load
Step 4.The kernel initialization
Step 5.The logon process
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'asic %iles #e(uired
The following is a list of major filesthat a Windows 2000 system needs in
order to boot properly
NTLDR
Boot.ini
Bootsect.dos (only if dual booting)
Ntdetect.com
Ntbootdd.sys
Ntoskrnl.exe
Hal.dll
SYSTEM registry key
Device drivers
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'I)$ Interaction
BIOS controls all aspects of the boot process.
The instructions an& &ata in the O chip that control the boot
process an& the co#puter har&are are !non as the Basic
InputDOutput S"ste# $BIOS%.
The Poer On Self Test $POST% +uring the POST) a co#puter
ill test its #e#or" an& (erif" that it has all the necessar"
har&are) such as a !e"boar& an& a #ouse. This infor#ation is
use& b" the BIOS to control all aspects of the boot process.
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Detailed $teps of the 'oot Process
Step 1.Pre-boot Sequence The first step of the boot process is the
POST. This is actually something that every
computer will do, regardless of its operating
system.
After the computer completes the POST, it willallow for other adapter cards to run their own
POSTs, such as a SCSI card that is equipped
with its own BIOS, for example.
After the POST routine is complete, the
computer will locate a boot device and load
the Master Boot Record (MBR) into memory,
which in turn locates the active partition and
loads it into memory.
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Detailed $teps of the 'oot Process
Step 2.Boot Sequence Once the co#puter loa&s NTC+) the boot seuence begins to
gather infor#ation about har&are an& &ri(ers.
NTC+ uses the Nt&etect.co#) boot.ini) an& bootsect.&os files.The bootsect.&os file ill onl" be use& in the e(ent that the
co#puter is set up to &ual5boot. , #aor function pro(i&e& b" NTC+ is sitching the processorinto 325bit flat #e#or" #o&e.
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Detailed $teps of the 'oot Process
Step 3. Kernel Load The !ernel loa& phase begins ith Ntos!rnl.e*e loa&ing along
ith the file. ,t this point NTC+ still pla"s a role in the boot
process.
NTC+ ill also rea& the s"ste# registr" !e" into #e#or") an&
select the har&are configuration that is store& in the registr". Itill loa& the configuration nee&e& for the co#puter to boot.
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Detailed $teps of the 'oot Process
Step 4. Kernel Initialization
The initial !ernel loa& phase is no co#plete an& the !ernel ill
begin to initialie.
Four additional steps will now take place:
The har&are !e" is create&
The clone control set is create&
+e(ice &ri(ers are loa&e& an& initialie&
Ser(ices are starte&
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Detailed $teps of the 'oot Process
Step 5. *ogon
The *ogon screen begins the final step in the boot+up process.
lthough this is the final step, it is not considered a completed or
successful boot until a user logs on.
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*inu 'oot Process
The boot process beteen ?in&os 2::: an& Cinu* is (er"si#ilar.
One #ain &ifference is the file t"pes that are use&. The na#esof the files t"pes that are use& to boot the to s"ste#s #a" be&ifferent) but the" essentiall" perfor# the sa#e functions.
In the en&) both s"ste#s ill co#e to a logon pro#pt that illas! for a userna#e an& passor& to authenticate into thes"ste#.
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nable to 'oot from Installation Media
There are several steps to take if the system will notboot from a CD-ROM:
'onsult the s"ste# Basic InputDOutput S"ste# $BIOS% setup #enu. ,hot!e" seuence is generall" reuire& to enter the BIOS #onitor.
a!e sure that the BIOS is capable of supporting an& booting fro# a'+5O) an& that the correct boot seuence is configure& in BIOS.
'onsult the &ocu#entation that ca#e ith the '+. a!e sure the '+contains s"ste# files an& is &esigne& to be bootable.
nable to 'oot
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nable to 'oot
from Installation Media cont.0
'hec! that the '+ is recognie& b" theoperating s"ste# an& proper &e(ice &ri(ersare a(ailable.
'hec! to see if another s"ste# can boot fro#
the '+ or rea& the '+. Inspect the &ata si&e for scratches)
fingerprints) or &ust) if it is suspecte& that theproble# is ith the &isc itself.
+eter#ine if the proble# is ith the '+5O&ri(e.
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Problems During the Installation Process
Partitioning or formatting the hard disk fails.
Check the BIOS settings and hard disk documentation
to troubleshoot this problem.
The system "hangs" during the installation process.A hang is defined, as a period of several minutes
during which there is no discernable activity on the
system.
The installation media cannot be read at some point during the installationprocess. This problem occurs "hen installing "ith a &D that is dirty or
scratched.
When something goes wrong during the installation
process, use the "back" button or key so the
configuration can be reversed. Here are some other
common problems:
i ll i bl
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Post+installation Problems
After installing the Network Operating System(NOS), the system may not load the NOS properly
or will not allow a logon.
If the system fails to load the NOS, consult
the manufacturer website and documentation.
First time load failures are difficult totroubleshoot.
P i ll i P bl
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Post+installation Problems
Very specific information about thesystem and the NOS will need to be
gathered. If the system reports
specific errors, write those down and
search for information about those
errors on the web or in thedocumentation. If necessary, call a
technical support line and ask for
help.
If unable to logon) the proble# is usuall" forgottenainistrator account infor#ation that asconfigure& &uring the installation process.
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