chapter 7 immigrants and urbanization & chapter 8 life at the turn of the 20 th century

CHAPTER 7CHAPTER 7IMMIGRANTS AND IMMIGRANTS AND

URBANIZATIONURBANIZATION

&&

CHAPTER 8CHAPTER 8LIFE AT THE TURN OF THE 20LIFE AT THE TURN OF THE 20THTH

CENTURYCENTURY

CHAPTER 7CHAPTER 7IMMIGRANTION AND IMMIGRANTION AND

URBANIZATIONURBANIZATION

Main IdeaMain Idea

Immigration from Europe, Asia, the Immigration from Europe, Asia, the Caribbean, and Mexico reached a Caribbean, and Mexico reached a new high in the late 19new high in the late 19thth and early and early 2020thth centuries centuries

Why it Matters Now? Why it Matters Now? • This wave of immigration helped make This wave of immigration helped make

the U.S. the diverse society it is today. the U.S. the diverse society it is today.

Key Terms & Names for Section Key Terms & Names for Section 1: Chapter 7 are:1: Chapter 7 are:

Ellis IslandEllis Island Angel IslandAngel Island Melting PotMelting Pot NativismNativism Chinese Exclusion ActChinese Exclusion Act Gentlemen’s AgreementGentlemen’s Agreement

The New ImmigrantsThe New Immigrants1.1. Southern/Eastern EuropeSouthern/Eastern Europe

Italy, Austria-Hungary, and RussiaItaly, Austria-Hungary, and Russia Escape religious persecution & workEscape religious persecution & work East Coast (Ellis Island)East Coast (Ellis Island)

2.2. AsiaAsia China & JapanChina & Japan Gold & workGold & work West Coast (Angel Island)West Coast (Angel Island)

3.3. Caribbean Islands and Central Caribbean Islands and Central AmericaAmerica

Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto RicoJamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico WorkWork East & Southeastern U.S.East & Southeastern U.S.

Ellis IslandEllis Island Immigration stationImmigration station New York HarborNew York Harbor Mostly European Mostly European

immigrants passed immigrants passed through Ellis Islandthrough Ellis Island

Name of Island in NY where European Immigrants Name of Island in NY where European Immigrants were processed??were processed??

Ellis IslandEllis Island

Angel IslandAngel Island

Immigration stationImmigration station San Francisco BaySan Francisco Bay Mostly Asian Mostly Asian

immigrants passed immigrants passed through inspection.through inspection.

Images of Inspection ProcessImages of Inspection Process

Asian Immigrants at Angel IslandAsian Immigrants at Angel Island

Remember the 13 colonies….people IMMIGRATED over from Britain!!!!

NativismNativism America the melting America the melting

pot??? (different pot??? (different cultures & races cultures & races blending together)blending together)

Anti-immigrant Anti-immigrant (prejudice)(prejudice)

Native-born Native-born AmericansAmericans

Blamed immigrants Blamed immigrants for taking jobsfor taking jobs• Chinese were a major Chinese were a major

target for target for discriminationdiscrimination

• Wanted strict Wanted strict immigration lawsimmigration laws

NativistsNativists

Immigration LawsImmigration Laws

Chinese Exclusion Act Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) (1882)

Banned entry to all Banned entry to all ChineseChinese

Except students, Except students, teachers, teachers, merchants, tourists, merchants, tourists, gov’t officials.gov’t officials.

Not repealed until Not repealed until 1943.1943.

Gentlemen’s Agreement Gentlemen’s Agreement Act (1907-1908)Act (1907-1908)

Limit immigration of Limit immigration of Japanese to U.S.Japanese to U.S.

The Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

The Challenges of The Challenges of UrbanizationUrbanization

Terms to KnowTerms to Know

UrbanizationUrbanization Americanization Americanization

MovementMovement TenementTenement Social Gospel MovementSocial Gospel Movement Settlement HouseSettlement House Jane AddamsJane Addams

UrbanizationUrbanization The growth of The growth of

citiescities

Why were people moving to the Why were people moving to the Northeast & MidwestNortheast & Midwest

1.1. ImmigrantsImmigrants Cities = cheap & Cities = cheap &

convenient place to convenient place to livelive

2.2. FarmersFarmers New inventions = less New inventions = less

work, needed jobswork, needed jobs

3.3. African-AmericansAfrican-Americans Escape segregation & Escape segregation &

discriminationdiscrimination

Streets of New YorkStreets of New York

The Growth of citiesThe Growth of cities

Problems of UrbanizationProblems of Urbanization

1.1. Lack of Safe and Efficient Lack of Safe and Efficient TransportationTransportation

Mass Transit, electric subways, Mass Transit, electric subways, street carsstreet cars

2.2. Unsafe Drinking WaterUnsafe Drinking Water Water filtration & chlorinationWater filtration & chlorination

3.3. Lack of SanitationLack of Sanitation Sewer lines & sanitation Sewer lines & sanitation

departmentsdepartments

4.4. Fire HazardsFire Hazards 11stst paid fire department, paid fire department,

sprinklers, safer buildingssprinklers, safer buildings

5.5. CrimeCrime 11stst full time police force full time police force

Life in CitiesLife in Cities

TENEMENT Housing: A multifamily dwelling , usually TENEMENT Housing: A multifamily dwelling , usually overcrowded, unsanitary, and very cheap to live inovercrowded, unsanitary, and very cheap to live in

Tenement HousingTenement Housing

Video Clip: America the Story of UsVideo Clip: America the Story of Us

Clip 3.9 (start at 3:00minutes) Tenement housing, povertyTenement housing, poverty Clip 4.9 (end at 3:00minutes)

Social Gospel MovementSocial Gospel Movement Salvation through service to the Salvation through service to the

poorpoor People wanted to help the urban People wanted to help the urban

poor poor Mostly middle-class, white college-Mostly middle-class, white college-

educated womeneducated women

Settlement Houses/Jane AddamsSettlement Houses/Jane Addams

Settlement HouseSettlement House Community centersCommunity centers Educational, cultural, Educational, cultural,

social services.social services.

Jane AddamsJane Addams Founded Hull Founded Hull

House in Chicago House in Chicago (1889)(1889)

Hull House in ChicagoHull House in Chicago

Why is this significant?Why is this significant?Connection to todayConnection to today

Between 1870 and 1920, about 20 million Europeans immigrated to the United States. Many of them came from eastern and southern Europe. Some immigrants came to escape religious persecution. Many others were poor and looking to improve their economic situation. About 200,000 Chinese immigrants came between 1851 to 1883. Many Chinese immigrants helped build the nation’s first transcontinental railroad. When the United States annexed Hawaii in 1898, several thousand Japanese immigrants came to the United States. Europeans had to pass through an immigration station located on Ellis Island in New York Harbor. Asians arriving on the West Coast went through Angel Island in San Francisco. The inspection process on Angel Island was more difficult than on Ellis Island.

Island in NY where European Island in NY where European Immigrants were processed.Immigrants were processed.

Ans—Ellis IslandAns—Ellis Island

By the turn of the century, some observers called America a melting pot. This term referred to the fact that many different cultures and races had blended in the United States. Some Americans also preferred not to live in a melting pot. They did not like the idea of so many immigrants living in their country. The arrival of so many immigrants led to the growth of nativism. Nativism is an obvious preference for nativeborn Americans. Nativism gave rise to anti immigrant groups. It also led to a demand for immigration restrictions.

People who favored the interest of People who favored the interest of native-born Americans.native-born Americans.

Ans--NativistsAns--Nativists

On the West Coast, prejudice against Asians was first directed at the Chinese. During the depression of the 1870s, many Chinese immigrants agreed to work for low wages. Many American workers feared they would lose their jobs to the Chinese. As a result, labor groups pressured politicians to restrict Asian immigration. In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act. In San Francisco, the local school board put all Chinese, Japanese, and Korean children in special Asian schools. This led to anti-American riots in Japan. President Theodore Roosevelt persuaded San Francisco officials to stop their separation policy. In exchange, Japan agreed to limit emigration to the United States under the Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907–1908.

Law Law enacted enacted

the the prohibited prohibited

all Chinese all Chinese from from

entering entering the US as the US as immigrantsimmigrants

Ans—Ans—Chinese Chinese

Exclusion Exclusion ActAct

Many of the nation’s new immigrants settled in the cities in the early 1900s. They came there to find jobs in the cities’ and businesses. Immigrants settled mainly in cities in the Northeast and Midwest. The result was rapid urbanization, or growth of cities, in those regions. Manyimmigrants settled in neighborhoods with others from the same country or even from the same village. Newcomers to the United States learned about their new country through an education program known as the Americanization movement. Under this program, schools taught immigrants English, and American history and government. These subjects helped immigrants become citizens.

The Growth of citiesThe Growth of cities

Ans--urbanizationAns--urbanization

City populations grew rapidly. This created many problems. One major problem was a shortage in housing. New types of housing allowed many peopleto live in a small amount of space. One type was the row house. This was a single-family dwelling that shared side walls with other similar houses. Another type was tenements, multifamily urban houses that were often overcrowded andunsanitary.

A multifamily dwelling , usually A multifamily dwelling , usually overcrowded, unsanitary, and overcrowded, unsanitary, and

very cheap to live in.very cheap to live in.

Ans-tenement Ans-tenement (&row house)(&row house)

A number of social reformers worked to improve life in the cities. One early reform program was the Social Gospel movement. Leaders of this movement preached that people reached salvation by helping the poor. Many reformers responded to the movement’s call. They established settlement houses. These were community centers located in slum areas. Many of these houses were run by middle-class, college-educated women. The settlement houses also offered schooling, nursing, and other kinds of help to those in need. One of the more well-known social reformers of this time was Jane Addams. She helped establish Hull House. This was a settlement house that helped the poor of Chicago.

A community center designed to A community center designed to help urban immigrants.help urban immigrants.

Ans--Settlement HouseAns--Settlement House

Created Hull House, a Created Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago.settlement house in Chicago.

Ans—Jane AddamsAns—Jane Addams

During the late 1800s, many cities were run by a political machine. This was an organized group, headed by a city boss, that controlled the activities of a political party in a city. The machine offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for their vote or financial support. The boss controlled city government, as well as jobs in the police, fire, and sanitation departments. Bosses also controlled city agencies that granted licenses to businesses, and funded construction projects. By controlling the cities’ finances, and by solving problems for voters, bosses won loyalty and influence. Bosses were immigrants who had worked their way up in politics. They could speak to the immigrants in their own language, helping them to find jobs and housing. In return, the immigrants pledged their votes.

Organized group that controls a Organized group that controls a political group in a city and offers political group in a city and offers

service to voters, usually service to voters, usually immigrants, in exchange for votes.immigrants, in exchange for votes.

Ans—Political MachineAns—Political Machine

Political machines provided city dwellers withvital services. But as they gained power, manybosses became corrupt. They became richthrough graft, or the illegal use of political influence for personal gain. To win elections, some bosses filled the list of eligible voters with the names of dogs, children, and people who haddied. They then used those names to cast votes for themselves. Another illegal practice was the kickback. Workers on city construction projects would charge a higher price for their service and then “kick back” part of the fee to the bosses, who were also taking bribes from businesses in return for allowing illegal or unsafe activities.

Illegal use of political influence Illegal use of political influence for personal gain.for personal gain.

Ans--GraftAns--Graft

One of the most powerful political bosses was William Marcy Tweed, known as Boss Tweed. He became the head of Tammany Hall, New York City’s most powerful Democratic political machine. The Tweed Ring was a group of corrupt politicians led by Boss Tweed.

Political Boss of Political Boss of Tammany Hall in NY City.Tammany Hall in NY City.

Ans—Boss TweedAns—Boss Tweed

For many decades, presidents had complained about the problem of patronage. This is the giving of government jobs to people of the same party who had helped a candidate get elected. As a result, many unqualified and corrupt workers were hired. Reformers wanted to end the patronage system. They called for a merit system, in which jobs in civil service—government administration—would go to the most qualified people, regardless of their political views.

An officeholder appointing An officeholder appointing people to government jobs as a people to government jobs as a reward for their helping him get reward for their helping him get

elected.elected.

Ans--PatronageAns--Patronage

President Rutherford B. Hayes attempted toreform civil service, but when some members of the Republican party objected, Hayes decided not to run for reelection in 1880. The party eventually settled on an independent candidate, James A. Garfield, who won the presidential election but turned out to have ties to the reformers. Shortly after being elected he was assassinated. Garfield’s vice-president, Chester A. Arthur, succeeded him. He pushed through a civil service reform bill known as the Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883. This act created a civil service commission to give government jobs based on merit, not politics. It helped reform the civil service.

A law enacted that made people A law enacted that made people take test and the highest scoring take test and the highest scoring

people got government jobs.people got government jobs.

Ans—Pendleton Civil Service Ans—Pendleton Civil Service ActAct

Chapter 7 Chapter 7 Visual ReflectionVisual Reflection

Visual Reflection Ch 7Visual Reflection Ch 7

Directions: As you view each power Directions: As you view each power point slide (while listening to music in point slide (while listening to music in background), describe each image. background), describe each image. Ask yourself, what do I see, what do I Ask yourself, what do I see, what do I already know about this particular already know about this particular image, what kind of prediction can I image, what kind of prediction can I make using this image. Each image make using this image. Each image will correspond with the number on will correspond with the number on your sheet. your sheet.

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Chapter 8: Chapter 8: Life at the Turn of the Life at the Turn of the

2020thth Century Century

Section 1: Science & Urban LifeSection 1: Science & Urban Life

Main Idea? Main Idea? • Advances in science Advances in science

and technology and technology helped solve urban helped solve urban problems, including problems, including overcrowding.overcrowding.

Why It Matters Why It Matters Now? Now? • American Cities American Cities

Continue to depend Continue to depend on the results of on the results of scientific and scientific and technological technological research.research.

City Design1. Skyscrapers2. Bridges3. Recreational

areas/landscaping (parks)

Communication

1. Cheap paper2. Improved

printing press3. 1st

transcontinental airmail service

4. Photography (Kodak Camera 1888)

Transportation

1. Streetcars2. Elevated trains “el

trains”3. Railroad Lines4. Subways5. Airplane/Wright

Brothers (1903)

Who were the first to fly airplane?Who were the first to fly airplane?

Answer—Orville/Wilbur WrightAnswer—Orville/Wilbur Wright

Expansion in Education, Expansion in Education, Segregation & DiscriminationSegregation & Discrimination

Expanding Public Education1. States passed laws requiring

kids to attend school Attendance increased

2. Curriculum expanded science, civics, and social studies

Better prepared for jobs3. Immigrants attended school

To be “Americanized” (learn English/become citizens)

4. Enrollment in Universities increased

More courses, entrance exams

W.E.B. DuBois & Booker T. Washington

W.E.B. DuBois 1st African-American

to get PhD from Harvard

Blacks should get education to become future leaders

Racial equality

Booker T. Washington Blacks should

acquire labor skills to become valued in society.

Tuskegee Institute

= Equality

= creates leaders to fight racism

Both wanted

Civil Rights for African-

Americans

Jim Crow Laws: Laws that kept African-Americans and whites separate

Segregation and DiscriminationSegregation and Discrimination

Main IdeaMain Idea African Americans African Americans

led the fight led the fight against voting against voting restrictions and Jim restrictions and Jim Crow laws.Crow laws.

Why It Why It

Matters Today?Matters Today? Today, African-Today, African-

Americans have the Americans have the legacy of a century-legacy of a century-long battle for civil long battle for civil rights. rights.

Segregation & Discrimination Ida B. Wells

• Fought for racial justice Poll Tax

• Pay tax to vote• Hurt AA and poor whites

Grandfather Clause• If your grandfather/father

could vote before Jan 1, 1867, you could too.

Literacy Tests• Required voters to read• AA had more difficult tests

What is it called when there is the What is it called when there is the separation of people onseparation of people on

the basis of race??the basis of race??

Answer--segregationAnswer--segregation

Which laws kept African-Americans and Which laws kept African-Americans and whites legally separated?whites legally separated?

Answer—Jim Crow LawsAnswer—Jim Crow Laws

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

SC case that ruled“separate but equal”

facilities was legal(would not be reversed until 1954!!!!!!!)

By 1900, millions of Americans had settled in thenation’s cities. To accommodate their growing populations, cities had to rely on technology. One example of this was the development of the skyscraper. Skyscrapers are tall buildings that allow people to live many floors above ground. Changes in transportation helped cities spread outward. In 1888, Richmond, Virginia, became the first American city to use electric-powered streetcars. Two brothers, Orville and Wilbur Wright, built the first airplane. Their first successful flight occurred in 1903 at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. In 1888, George Eastman invented his Kodak camera. The camera also changed news reporting. Reporters could now photograph events as they occurred, and this helped create the field of photojournalism. When the Wright brothers made their first successful flight at Kitty Hawk, an amateur photographer caught the event on film.

First to fly airplaneFirst to fly airplane

Ans—Orville/Wilbur WrightAns—Orville/Wilbur Wright

During the late 1800s, reformers tried to improve public education. At that time, most children in the United States received little education. Many children did not even attend school. Those who did left after only four years. By the turn of the century, the number of schools had increased greatly. The high-school curriculum also expanded. It included courses in science, civics, home economics,history, and literature. Many people realizedthat the new industrial age needed people who had technical and managerial skills.

In 1900, only about 4 percent of all African Americans were in attendance at colleges or professional schools. Booker T. Washington founded the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. Washington believed that racism would end when blacks acquired useful labor skills and were valuable to society. Washington taught those skills at Tuskegee. W. E. B. Du Bois was a black educator who disagreed with Washington. Du Bois had been the first black to get a doctorate from Harvard. Du Bois founded the N.A.A.C.P. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. which insisted that blacks should seek a liberal arts education.

Believed racism would end once Believed racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor blacks acquired useful labor

skills.skills.

Ans—Booker T. WashingtonAns—Booker T. Washington

Believed blacks should receive Believed blacks should receive college degrees so they could college degrees so they could

be well educated leaders.be well educated leaders.

Ans--W.E.B DuBoisAns--W.E.B DuBois

After Reconstruction, African Americans werekept from voting in the South. For example, some states required voters to be able to read. To determine this, officials gave eachvoter a literacy test. They often gave AfricanAmericans more difficult tests. The officials giving the test could pass or fail people as they wished. Another voting requirement was the poll tax. This was a tax that one had to be pay to enter a voting booth. African Americans and poor whites often did not have the money to pay the tax. So they were unable to vote.

Tax paid in the south by people Tax paid in the south by people who wanted to vote.who wanted to vote.

Ans—Poll TaxAns—Poll Tax

Several Southern states wanted to make sure that whites who could not read or pay a poll tax still could vote. So they added a grandfather clause to their constitutions. This clause stated that any person could vote if their father or grandfather was qualified to vote before January 1, 1867. This date was important because before that time, freed slaves did not have the right to vote. Therefore, the grandfather clause did not allow African Americans to vote.

Laws stating a person could vote Laws stating a person could vote if their grandfathers were eligible if their grandfathers were eligible

to do so in 1867.to do so in 1867.

Ans—Grandfather Clause.Ans—Grandfather Clause.

Separating people on the basis of race became known as segregation. Racial segregation developed in such places as schools, hospitals, and transportationsystems throughout the South. The Southern states also passed Jim Crow laws. These laws separated whites and blacks in private and public places. Eventually a legal challenge to segregation reached the U.S. Supreme Court. However, in the case Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that separating the races in public places was legal, “separate but equal”.“separate but equal”.

The Separation of people on the basis The Separation of people on the basis of race.of race.

Ans--segregationAns--segregation

Laws enacted in south the segregated Laws enacted in south the segregated public facilities.public facilities.

Ans—Jim Crow LawsAns—Jim Crow Laws

Supreme Court case that Supreme Court case that legalized segregation. Coined legalized segregation. Coined phrase “separate but equal”.phrase “separate but equal”.

Ans-Plessy v. FergusonAns-Plessy v. Ferguson

The use of machines allowed workers at the turn of the century to do their jobs faster. This led to a shorter workweek. As a result, Americans had more leisure time. Newspapers entertained Americans. Many publishers changed their newspapers in order to attract more readers. They filled their pages with sensational headlines. Some publishers used other techniques. Joseph Pulitzer, the owner of the New York World, introduced a large Sunday edition. It included comics, sports coverage, and women’s news. Pulitzer presented news in a sensational way to beat his main competitor, William Randolph Hearst. Hearst owned the New York Morning Journal and the San Francisco Examiner. Hearst tried to outdo Pulitzer by publishing exaggerated and even made-up stories, (Yellow Journalism). Light fiction such as “dime novels” was popular as more people read books. Mark Twain, the pen name of the novelist Samuel Langhorne Clemens, wrote realistic portrayals of American life that became popular. His novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn became a classic of American literature.

Mr. Parsley giving advice to Mark Twain in his Virginia City, Nevada newspaper office.

Chapter 8 Chapter 8 Visual ReflectionVisual Reflection

Visual ReflectionVisual Reflection Directions: As you view each Directions: As you view each

power point slide (while power point slide (while listening to music in listening to music in background), describe each background), describe each image. Ask yourself, what do I image. Ask yourself, what do I see, what do I already know see, what do I already know about this particular image, about this particular image, what kind of prediction can I what kind of prediction can I make using this image. Each make using this image. Each image will correspond with the image will correspond with the number on your sheet. number on your sheet.

Chapter 8 Visual Reflection

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