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Upper Greenbrier North Corrected EA August 2012
Corrected EA, Chapter 4, Page 1 of 34
Chapter 4 – Preparers & References
4.1. US Forest Service Personnel Who Prepared or Contributed to
this EA
Tim Brake, Cartographic Technician, Monongahela NF B.A. Biology & Environmental Science, Davis & Elkins, 1998 Professional & technical experience in GIS & Environmental Analysis since 1998 Role in UGN: GIS manager and map maker
John A. Calabrese, Heritage Resource Program Manager, Monongahela NF B.A. in Latin American Studies, University of Chicago, 1991 M.A. in Anthropology, University of Kentucky, 1993 PhD in Archaeology, University of the Witwatersrand, 2005 Professional experience as an Archeologist since 1993 Role in UGN: Heritage analysis
Thomas (Greg) Coberly, Civil Engineering Technician, Transportation Planning, Monongahela NF Glenville State College Forest Road Layout and Surveying on the Monongahela NF since 1979 Role in UGN: Transportation system planning to provide access; road layout and design
Stephanie J. Connolly, Forest Soil Scientist & Range Program Manager, Monongahela NF B.S. in Agronomy, WVU, 1994 M.S. in Agronomy with emphasis in Soil Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1998 Professional experience NRCS 1999-2001; USFS Forest Soil Scientist since 2001 Role in UGN: Forest Soil Scientist and Range Program Manager
Jacob S. D'Angelo, Forest Transportation Planner, Monongahela NF B.S. in Civil Engineering, West Virginia University, 2001 M.S. in Civil Engineering, Transportation, West Virginia University, 2001 Professional experience as a Civil Engineer since 2001 Role in UGN: Transportation system planning to provide access; road layout and design
William Dunk, Greenbrier District Ranger, Monongahela NF B.S. in Zoology, Southern Illinois University, 1991 M.S. in Forestry (Outdoor Recreation Resources Management), Southern Illinois University, 1995 Professional experience in planning/research and natural resources management 1994-present Role in UGN: Line Officer and decision maker
David Ede, Forest Planner, Monongahela NF B.A. in English, Indiana University, 1973 32 years professional experience in Vegetation Mgmt, Fire, Recreation, NEPA Documentation, Planning Role in UGN: NEPA advice and revier, Inventoried Roadless Area input
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Barry Edgerton, Forest Hydrologist, Monongahela NF B.S. in Forest Management, The Pennsylvania State University, 1969 M.S. in Forest Hydrology, The Pennsylvania State University, 1974 Professional experience: PSU 1974-1977; US Forest Service, Forest Hydrologist 1977-present Role in UGN: Hydrologist and Aquatic Resource ID Team Member
Shane Jones, Greenbrier Ranger District Wildlife biologist, Monongahela NF B.S. in Biology, Muskingum College, 1992 Professional experience as endangered species biologist, wildlife biologist, and fish biologist since 1994 Role in UGN: Wildlife biology
Kent Karriker, Ecologist, Monongahela NF B.S. in Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, North Carolina State University, 1990 M.S. in Wildlife Biology, North Carolina State University, 1993 Professional & technical experience as Ecologist, Wildlife Biologist, Project Mgr., & Sr. Scientist since 1993 Role in UGN: Landscape ecology; threatened, endangered, and sensitive plants; nonnative invasive plants
Jeff Kochenderfer, Silviculturist, Monongahela NF B.S. in Forest Management, West Virginia University, 1997 M.S. in Forest Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute/State University, 1999 Professional experience as Service Forester, Prescriptionist, Silviculturist since 1999 Role in UGN: Silviculturist, ID and prescriptions for potential vegetation treatment units
Mike Owen, Forest Aquatic Ecologist/Watershed Program Manager, Monongahela NF
A.S. in Natural Resources Management, Volunteer State Community College
B.S. in Wildlife and Fisheries Management, University of Tennessee, 1985
2 years post-graduate study in Fisheries Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University Professional experience in aquatic ecology, fisheries, and watershed resources management since 1991 Role in UGN: Aquatic Ecologist, consultant to core IDT Hydrologist
Ron Polgar, Biological Technician (plants), Monongahela NF B.S. in Forest Land Management, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1968 Studying Appalachian Flora since 1975 Role in UGN: Botanical surveys, botany data management
Joseph Rozich, (Retired) Lands Program Manager, Monongahela NF
B.S. in Forestry; Forest Game Ecology, Michigan Technological University, 1974 34 years experience in Timber and Other Resources Management, Silviculture, GIS, and Lands Role in UGN: Lands
Eric Sandeno, Forest Recreation/Wilderness Program Manager, Monongahela NF B.S. in Forest Recreation Resources, Oregon State University, 1992 Professional & tech exp Recreation, Trails, Wilderness, Roadless Areas, visuals, accessibility since 1990. Role in UGN: Recreation and Trails input
Kevin Taylor, Assistant Forest Fire Management Officer, Silviculturist, Monongahela NF B.S. in Forest Management, University of Kentucky, 2001 Professional experience as Forester, Silviculturist since 1999 Role in UGN: Silviculturist, Fire Management Officer
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Kristine Vollmer, North Zone NEPA Coordinator, Monongahela NF B.S. in Ecology & Population Biology, Purdue University, 1982 M.P.A. in Public Administration, emphasis in Natural Resources, Boise State University, 1996 Professional & technical experience in Fisheries, Wildlife, Hydrology, & Environmental Analysis since 1983 Role in UGN: NEPA Coordinator, ID Team Leader, Writer & Editor
Carol Whetsell, Lands Program Manager, Monongahela NF B.S. Forestry, Northern Arizona University, 1985 Professional experience as Forester, Recreation Manager, and Lands Manager since 1986 Role in UGN: Lands Program
Will Wilson, Minerals Administrator, Monongahela NF A.A. Arts and Science, Potomac State College, 1985 B.S. Secondary Education, West Virginia University, 1988 B.S. Geology, West Virginia University, 1989 Professional and technical experience in minerals since 1992 Role in UGN: Minerals Specialist
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4.2. Agencies and Persons Consulted
This section provides a listing of the local, state, and federal agencies that were sent information
about the proposed project. Additional information is in the project file.
Federal Government
USDI Fish and Wildlife Service
USDA State and Private Forestry
USDA Northern Research Station
US Army Engineer Research & Development, Environmental Lab, Ecological Research
Branch
State of West Virginia
West Virginia Division of Natural Resources
West Virginia Division of Forestry
Governor’s Office of Economic and Commercial Development
Deputy Adm. Forester – State Capitol
WV Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Water & Waste Management
West Virginia University
Marshall University
Counties and Local Governments
Pocahontas County Commission
Marlinton Chamber of Commerce
Greenbrier Chamber of Commerce
Greenbrier Valley Conservation District, West Virginia Conservation Agency
Greenbrier County Planning Commission
Interested Parties
Just over 180 individuals, businesses, and organizations, including those on the Monongahela
National Forest mailing list and adjacent landowners, were sent or received initial scoping
information on the UGN proposal (these lists are contained in the project file). This package
included the purpose and need for taking action, the proposed action, and information on how to
provide input and request additional information. The UGN proposal has also been included in
the Schedule of Proposed Actions (SOPA), which is mailed quarterly to over 140 individuals.
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4.3. Literature Cited & References Used - By Chapter and Resource
Chapter 1. Purpose and Need for Action
Millar, Constance, Nathan Stephenson, and Scott Stephens. 2007. Climate Change and Forests
of the Future: Managing in the face of Uncertainty. Ecological Applications, 17(8)2145-
2151. http://www.esajournals.org/archive/1051-0761/17/8/pdf/i1051-0761-17-8-
2145.pdf
Monongahela National Forest. 2006a (as updated in 2011). Land and Resource Management
Plan. USDA Forest Service, Region 9, Elkins, WV. (also known as Forest Plan)
Monongahela National Forest. 2006b (July). Final Environmental Impact Statement t for Land
and Resource Management Plan. USDA Forest Service, Region 9, Elkins, WV. (also
known as FEIS)
Monongahela National Forest. 2006c (July). Record of Decision for Environmental Impact
Statement for Land and Resource Management Plan. USDA Forest Service, Region 9,
Elkins, WV. (also known as ROD)
Monongahela National Forest. 1986. Land and Resource Management Plan. USDA Forest
Service, Region 9, Elkins, WV. (also known as 1986 or previous Forest Plan)
Monongahela National Forest. 2007. Upper Greenbrier Watershed Assessment for the East and
West Forks of the Greenbrier River. USDA Forest Service, Region 9, Elkins, WV.
National Forest Management Act (NFMA).
USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2011. Re-listing of the West Virginia northern flying squirrel
under the Endangered Species Act.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1998 (September). Climate Change and West
Virginia. Office of Policy, EPA 236-F-98-007.
Widmann, Richard H., and Douglas M. Griffith. 2004. Forest Resource Statistics for the
Monongahela National Forest: 2000. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research
Station, Newtown Square PA. Resource Bulletin NE-161.
40 CFR 1502.20
Chapter 2. Alternatives
Biebighauser, Thomas R. 2007. Wetland Drainage, Restoration, and Repair.
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Endangered Species Act.
GIS data files and GPS measurements from the field. Filed in various Forest and District files.
Monongahela Schedule of Proposed Actions (SOPA).
Monongahela National Forest. 2012 (February 13). Environmental Assessment, Decision
Notice, and Finding of No Significant Impact for Island Campground. USDA Forest
Service, Region 9. Elkins, WV.
Monongahela National Forest. 2011. Upper Greenbrier North Draft Environmental Assessment.
USDA Forest Service, Region 9, Elkins, WV.
Monongahela National Forest. 2009. Inspection of bridges at Island Campground. USDA
Forest Service, Region 9. Elkins, WV.
Monongahela National Forest. 2008. Recreation Facilities Analysis. USDA Forest Service,
Region 9. Elkins, WV.
Monongahela National Forest. 2006 (July, as updated in 2011). Land and Resource
Management Plan. USDA Forest Service, Region 9, Elkins, WV. (also known as Forest
Plan).
Monongahela National Forest. Soil Monitoring Report for Desert Branch Timber EA and Upper
Williams EA.
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).
SERA Assessments for Proposed Herbicides.
Surveys for wildlife, botany, aquatics, vegetation, roads, trails, recreation sites, heritage,
silviculture, etc. In Forest and District files.
USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2008 (September). Removal of the West Virginia Northern
Flying Squirrel under the Endangered Species Act.
USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2006 (July). Biological Opinion for the 2006 Forest Plan
Revision, Monongahela National Forest. Unpublished Report prepared by the West
Virginia Field Office. Elkins, WV. 80 pp. and appendices.
USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2001. WVNFS Recovery Plan Update.
West Virginia. Best Management Practices for Timber.
49 CFR 1508.25
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Individuals and organizations who contacted us about the UGN proposal in the form of letters, e-
mails, or phone calls (in project file).
Chapter 3. Affected Environment and Environmental Effects
Air Quality
Clean Air Act
Edwards, P. J., F. Wood, and J. N. Kochenderfer. 1991. Characterization of Ozone During
Consecutive Drought and Wet Years at a Rural West Virginia Site. J. Air Waste Manage.
Assoc. Pp. 1450-1453.
Edwards, P. J., C. Huber, and F. Wood. 2004. Ozone exposures and implications for vegetation
in rural areas of the central Appalachian Mountains, USA. Env. Monitor. Assessment
98:157-174.
Jackson, W. A., and L. Arbucci. 1989. Ozone symptoms were present on bioindicator plants at
the Otter Creek Wilderness and Dolly Sods Wilderness, Monongahela National Forest,
1989. USDA Forest Service, Forest Pest Management, Morgantown, WV. Unpublished
Report.
Lavdas, Leonidas G. 1996. Program VSMOKE--Users Manual. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-6.
Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station.
156 pp.
Lefohn, A. S., P. J. Edwards, and M. B. Adams. 1994. The characterization of ozone exposures
in rural West Virginia and Virginia. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 44:1276-1283.
Monongahela National Forest. Monitoring from the Chestnut Ridge prescribed burn.
PMS-420-2, Smoke Management Guide for Prescribed and Wildland Fire, 2001 Edition
Southern Forestry Smoke Management Guidebook.
SFFLS. 1976.
U.S. EPA Air Quality web pages: http://www.epa.gov/air/oaqps/greenbk/ ;
http://www.epa.gov/particles/fs20061006.html
U.S. EPA. Air Quality Index, a color-coded health index.
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Aquatic & Riparian Resources
Boggs, Johnny L., and Steven G. McNulty. 2009. Changes in canopy cover alter surface air and
forest floor temperature in a high-elevation red spruce (Picea rubens sarg.) forest. In:
Proceedings from the Conference on the Ecology and Management of High-Elevation
Forests in the Central and Southern Appalachian Mountains. GTR-NRS-P-64.
Bjornn, T. C., and D. W. Reiser. 1991. Habitat Requirements of Salmonids in Streams. In:
Influences of Forest Rangeland Management on Salmonid Fishes and Their Habitats.
William R. Meehan, Editor. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19:83-138.
(hard copy in Aquatic Ecologist’s files)
Clayton, Janet. 2004. Personal communication with Tom Cain, Fisheries Biologist,
Monongahela National Forest. 1 p.
Dolloff, C. Andrew. 1996. Large woody debris, fish habitat, and historical land use. In:
McMinn, James W., and D. A. Crossley, Jr., eds. Biodiversity and coarse woody debris in
southern forests, proceedings of the workshop on coarse woody debris in southern forests:
effects on biodiversity; 1993 October 18-20; Anthens, GA. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-94.
Asheville, NC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research
Station. 146 pp.
Duffield, Daniel. 1999. Personal communication.
Duncan, S. H., R. E. Bilby, J. W. Ward, and J. T. Heffner. 1987 (February). Transport of Road-
surface Sediment Through Ephemeral Stream Channels. Water Resources Bulletin
23(1):113-119.
Edwards, Pamela. 2002. Personal communication.
Edwards, Pamela J., Thomas C. Cain, and Charles J. Gagen. 2007. Using multiple fine-
sediment size classes to evaluate the condition of trout spawning habitat. In: Furniss, M.,
C. Clifton, and K. Ronnenberg, eds., 2007. Advancing the Fundamental Sciences:
Proceedings of the Forest Service National Earth Sciences Conference, San Diego, CA, 18-
22 October 2004. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-689, Portland, OR. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. pp. 94-101.
Fink, David B. 2008. Artificial shading and stream temperature modeling for watershed
restoration and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) management. Master Thesis. James
Madison University. 37 pp.
Flebbe, Patricia A., and C. Andrew Dolloff. 1995. Trout Use of Woody Debris and Habitat in
Appalachian Wilderness Streams of North Carolina. North American Journal of Fisheries
Management 15:579-590. American Fisheries Society.
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Grant, Christopher J. 2005. Relationships between riparian buffers and summer stream
temperatures. Master Thesis. The Pennsylvania State University. 99 pp.
Hakala, James Philip. 2000. Factors influencing brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) abundance
in forested headwater streams with emphasis on fine sediment. Master Thesis. West
Virginia University, Morgantown. 166 pp.
Hicks, B. J., J. D. Hall, P. A. Bisson, and J. R. Sedell. 1991. Responses of Salmonids to Habitat
Changes. In: Influences of Forest Rangeland Management on Salmonid Fishes and Their
Habitats. William R. Meehan, Editor. American Fisheries Society Special Publication
19:483-517.
Kaller, Michael D. 2001. Effects of sediment upon benthic macroinvertebrates in forested
northern Appalachian streams. Master Thesis. West Virginia University, Morgantown.
157 pp.
Kennedy, Richard. 1997 (September – December). Road Maintenance Frequency vs. Sediment
Production. Engineering Field Notes 29:11-15. USDA Forest Service, Washington D.C.
Logan, Marisa. 2003. Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) movement and habitat use in a
headwater stream in the central Appalachian Mountains of West Virginia. Master Thesis.
West Virginia University, Morgantown. 64 pp.
Raleigh, R. F. 1982. Habitat suitability index models: brook trout. U.S. Department of the
Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS/OBS/10.24.
Smidt, Mathew F., and Randall K. Kolka. 2001. Alternative Skid Trail Retirement Options for
Steep Terrain Logging. In: Appalachian Hardwoods: Managing Change, edited by
Jingxin Wang, Michelle Wolford, and Joe McNeel. Proceedings of the 24th
Annual
Meeting, The Council on Forest Engineering. Snowshoe, West Virginia. July 15-19,
2001. Pp. 13-17.
Stauffer, Jr., Jay R., Jefferey M. Boltz, and Laura R. White. 1995. The Fishes of West Virginia.
Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
146:1-389. (hard copy in Aquatic Ecologist’s files)
Stringer, Jeff. 2004 (Spring). Cost of Retiring Skid Trails and Haul Roads. The Kentucky
Logjam 8(3). 4 pp.
Sweka, John. 1999. Effects of turbidity on the foraging of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)
and smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu). Master Thesis. West Virginia University,
Morgantown. 102 pp.
Swift, Jr., L. W. 1984. Gravel and Grass Surfacing Reduces Soil Loss from Mountain Roads.
Forest Sci. 30(3):657-670.
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Trieu, P. L. 1999. Excerpts from M.S. Thesis, Assessment of Physicochemical and Biological
Effects of Two Types of Road Surface on Adjacent Streams. The Pennsylvania State
University. xi + 102 pp.
Trumbo, Brad, M. Hudy, E. P. Smith, D. Kim, B. A. Wiggins, K. H. Nislow, and C. A. Dolloff.
2010 (in draft). Sensitivity and vulnerability of brook trout to climate change. 8 pp.
United States Forest Service. 2007. Upper Greenbrier watershed assessment for the East and
West Forks of the Greenbrier River watershed. Greenbrier Ranger District, Monongahela
National Forest. 171 pp.
Wallace, J. Bruce, Jack W. Grubaugh, and Matt R. Whiles. 1996. Influences of coarse woody
debris on stream habitats and invertebrate biodiveristy. In: McMinn, James W., and D. A.
Crossley, Jr., eds. Biodiversity and coarse woody debris in southern forests; Proceedings
of the workshop on coarse woody debris in southern forests: effects on biodiversity; 1993
October 18-20; Athens, GA. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-94. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 146 pp.
Waters, Thomas F. 1995. Sediment in Streams: Sources, Biological Effects and Control.
American Fisheries Society Monograph 7.
Welsh, Stuart A., and Daniel A. Cincotta. 2007. Final report - Fishes of the Monongahela
National Forest and related research on sampling methods, species abundance, and
nonnative fishes. 227 pp.
West Virginia Heritage Database.
Economics
Appalachian Hardwood Center. 2010. West Virginia Timber Market Report. Stumpage
Estimates 2nd Quarter 2010.
Forest Service Handbook 1909.17, Chapters 10, 20, and 30.
Monongahela National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan. 2006. USDA Forest
Service, Elkins, WV.
Monongahela National Forest. 2004. Management Modeling Costs.
Multiple Use Sustained Yield Act of 1960.
National Forest Management Act of 1976.
Vasievich, Mike, Mike Retziaff, and Doug Smith. 2000. Quick-Silver User Guide, Version 5,
USDA Forest Service.
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Widmann, R. H., and D. M. Griffith. 2004. Forest Resource Statistics for the Monongahela
National Forest: 2000. Resour. Bull. NE-161. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern
Research Station, Newtown Square, PA. 46 pp.
Environmental Justice
Quickfacts.census.gov;qfd/states website. 2008. Data for Pocahontas County and West
Virginia.
Executive Order 12898.
Herbicides
Battaglin, W. A., E. T. Furlong, and M. R. Burkhardt. 2001. Concentration of Selected
Sulfonylurea, Sulfonamide, and Imidazolinone Herbicides, Other Pesticides, and Nutrients
in 71 Streams, 5 Reservoir Outflows, and 25 Wells in the Midwestern United States, 1998.
U.S. Geological Survey. Water-Resources Investigations Report 00–4225. Denver,
Colorado. 131 pp.
Boutsalis, P., and S. B. Powles. 1995. Inheritance and mechanism of resistance to herbicides
inhibiting acetolactate synthase in Sonchus oleraceus L. Theor Appl Genet 91:242-247.
Burnet, Michael W. M., Quentin Hart, Joseph A. M. Holtum, and Stephen B. Powles. 1994.
Resistance to Nine Herbicide Classes in a Population of Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum).
Weed Science 42(3):369-377.
Coffman, C. Benjamin, J. Ray Frank, and William E. Potts. 1993. Crop Responses to
Hexazinone, Imazapyr, Tebuthiuron, and Triclopyr. Weed Technology 7(1):140-145.
Cox, Caroline. 1996. Imazapyr – Herbicide Factsheet. Journal of Pesticide Reform 16(3):16-
20.
Cox, Caroline. 2002. Sulfometuron Methyl (Oust) – Herbicide Factsheet. Journal of Pesticide
Reform 22(4):15-20.
DuPont. 2006. DuPont Oust XP Herbicide Label. E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company,
Wilmington, Delaware. 16 pp.
Durkin, Patrick, and Mark Follansbee. 2004. Imazapyr – Human Health and Ecological Risk
Assessment – Final Report. Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc.,
Fayetteville, NY. Prepared for USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection. 149 pp.
Eberlein, Charlotte V., and Mary J. Guttieri. 1994. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Response to
Simulated Drift of Imidazolinone Herbicides. Weed Science 42(1):70-75.
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1947.
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Fletcher, John S., Thomas 0. Pfleeger, and Hilman C. Ratsch. 1993. Potential Environmental
Risks Associated with the New Sulfonylurea Herbicides. Environ. Sci. Techno.
27(10):2250-2252.
Fletcher, John S., Thomas G. Pfleeger, and Hilman C. Ratsch. 1995. Chlorsulfuron influence on
garden pea reproduction. Physiologia Plantarum 94:261-267.
Fletcher, John S., Thomas G. Pfleeger, Hilman C. Ratsch, and Robert Hayes. 1996. Potential
Impact of Low Levels of Chlorsulfuron and Other Herbicides on Growth and Yield of
Nontarget Plants. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15(7):1189-1196.
FSH 2109.14-Pesticide Use Management.
Heering, David C., and Thomas F. Peeper. 1991. Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis)
Control in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) with Herbicides. Weed Technology
5(2):411-415.
Horsley, S. B. 1981. Control of herbaceous weeds in Allegheny hardwood forests with
herbicides. Weed Sci. 29:655-662.
Horsley S. B. 1982. Development of Reproduction in Allegheny hardwood stands after
herbicide-clearcuts and herbicide-shelterwood cuts. Res. Note NE-308.
Horsley, S. B. 1988. Control of understory vegetation in Allegheny hardwood stands with Oust.
North. J. Appl. For. 5:261-262.
Horsley, S. B. 1991. Using Roundup and Oust to control interfering understories in Allegheny
hardwood stands. Pp. 281-290 in Proc., 8th
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Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-148. 605 pp.
Horsley, S. B. 2003. Using Broadcast Application of Herbicides to control interfering
understory vegetation. Silvoak Training Session. Elkins, WV.
Horsley, S. B., and J. C. Bjorkbom. 1983. Herbicide treatment of striped maple and beech in
Allegheny hardwood stands. For. Sci. 29:103-112.
Klotzbach, Julie, and Patrick Durkin. 2004. Sulfometuron Methyl - Human Health and
Ecological Risk Assessment – Final Report. Syracuse Environmental Research Associates,
Inc., Fayetteville, NY. Prepared for USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection. 163
pp.
Kochenderfer, J. D., J. N. Kochenderfer, D. A. Warner, and G. M. Miller. 2004. Preharvest
manual herbicide treatments for controlling American beech in central West Virginia.
North. J. Appl. For. 21: 40-49.
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Kochenderfer, J. D., S. M. Zedaker, J. E. Johnson, D. Wm. Smith, and G. M. Miller. 2001.
Herbicide hardwood crop tree release in central West Virginia. North. J. Appl. For.
18:46-54.
Landstein, Dorit, Shoshana (Malis) Arad, Ze’ev Barak, and David M. Chipman. 1993.
Relationships among the herbicide and functional sites of acetohydroxy acid synthase from
Chlorella emersonii. Planta 191:1-6.
Marquis, D. A., R. L. Ernst, and S. L. Stout. 1992. Prescribing Silvicultural Treatments in
Hardwood Stands of the Alleghenies. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Report NE-96.
101 pp.
McNabb, Ken. 1997. Environmental safety of forestry herbicides. AL. Ext. Pub. ANR-846.
Michael, Jerry L., and Daniel G. Neary. 1993. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
12:405-410.
NFMA (40 CFR Part 1502.22).
Primiani, Michael M., Josephine C. Cotterman, and Leonard L. Saari. 1990. Resistance of
Kochia (Kochia scoparia) to Sulfonylurea and Imidazolinone Herbicides. Weed
Technology 4(1):169-172.
Rashin, Ed, and Craig Graber. 1993. Effectiveness of Best Management Practices for Aerial
Application of Forest Pesticides. Ecology Publication No. 93-81. Washington State
Department of Ecology, Environmental Investigations and Laboratory Services Program,
Watershed Assessment Section, Olympia, WA. 137pp.
Saari, L. L., J. C. Cotterman, W. F. Smith, and M. M. Primiani. 1992. Sulfonylurea Herbicide
Resistance in Common Chickweed, Perennial Ryegrass, and Russian Thistle. Pesticide
Biochemistry and Physiology 42:110-118.
Sathasivan, Kanagasabapathi, George W. Haughn, and Norimoto Murai. 1991. Molecular Basis
of Imidazolinone Herbicide Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana var Columbia. Plant
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Vizantinopoulos, S., and P. Lolos. 1994. Persistence and Leaching of the Herbicide Imazapyr in
Soil. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 52:404-410.
Wehtje, Glenn, Ray Dickens, John W. Wilcut, and Ben F. Hajek. 1987. Sorption and Mobility
of Sulfometuron and Imazapyr in Five Alabama Soils. Weed Science 35(6):858-864.
West Virginia Pesticide Control Act of 1990
WSSA. 2002. Herbicide Handbook. 8th ed. Vencill, W.K. (ed.). WSSA, Lawrence, KS. 493
pp.
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Heritage
Antiquities Act of 1906 (16 USC 431-433).
Archaeological and Historic Conservation Act of 1974 (16 USC 469).
Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 (16 USC 470).
Carbone, Victor A. 1976. Environment and Prehistory in the Shenandoah Valley. Unpublished
PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, The Catholic University of America,
Washington, D.C.
Clarkson, Roy B. 1964. Tumult on the Mountain: Lumbering in West Virginia, 1770-1920.
Parsons: McClain Printing Company.
Davis, M.B. 1983. Holocene Vegetational Historic of the Eastern United States. In: Late
Quaternary Environments of the United States, Volume II: The Holocene. H.E. Wright,
ed., pp. 166-181. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
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West Virginia. Elkins, WV: Monongahela National Forest.
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Fansler, Homer Floyd. 1962. Historic of Tucker County, West Virginia. Parsons: McClain
Printing Company.
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