chapter 4 arts
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Calligraphy
Painting
Four treasures of the study How to practice Chinese calligraphy
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Chinese calligraphy is also called the art of
lines.
Calligraphys purpose is to retain the beauty
of nature and illuminate mans spiritualbeauty. It stresses the overall layout and
harmony between words and lines.
The Chinese saying The handwriting
reveals the person(), is directly
related to calligraphy.
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There are 6 basic categories:
diandot stroke
heng
horizontal strokeshuvertical stroke
piecurved stroke
zhe
angular (
) strokegouhooked () stroke
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Strokes form Chinese radicals ()
A radical is the prefix of the word.
Some basic character components arestandalone characters (), likeand , but most are just parts of
them.
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(56 strokes )
Bing
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verbose, diffuse
discovered bythe French
sinologist
Jol Bellassen
in 1989
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taito,
the appearance of
a dragon in flight
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the seal form (zhuan )
the official form (li )
thecursive
form (cao
) the regularform (kai )
therunning form (xing)
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Soft lines of strokesand uprightrectangular shapekeep the seal form
characters moreclose topictography ().
Each of the
characters has abalanced andsymmetrical () pattern.
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It was the turning point inthe evolution of Chinesescripts and is thefoundation of the laterscript forms.
It turned the remainingcurved and round strokes
of the seal form into linear() and flat square
() shapes.
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This style of calligraphyis smooth and lively withstrokes flowing andcharacters linking
together. The characters are often
joined, with the laststroke of one merginginto the initial stroke of
the next. It is executed freely and
rapidly so that parts ofthe characters appearexaggerated (
).
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It is still todaysstandard writing.
It is square in form, and
non-cursive in strokes. Size:
Larger Regular Form( more than 5cm )
Smaller Regular Form(smaller than 2cm)
Medium Regular Form(in-between)
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Therunning formissomewhere betweenthe regular and thecursive formsallowing simpler andfaster writing.
the running regularform
the running cursiveform
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Wang Xizhi
the sage of Chinese calligraphy
The Preface to The LantingCollection of Calligraphy
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Chinese Traditional Painting refers to ink -wash painting ()
Traditional Chinese paintings are notpurelypaintings. They combine fine art,poetry, calligraphy, and seal engravingto achieve an artistic unison ().
Human figures, landscapes, flowers,birds, and pavilions are the mostimportant themes of traditional Chinesepainting.
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Xu Beihong
Qi Baishi
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Qi Baishi
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Four treasures of thestudy : brush , ink,paper and ink stone
The best of each ofthese items isrepresented by:
Hubrush (), Huiink stick (), Xuan
paper (
) , andDuanink stone ().
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Hubrushes are produced in the city ofHuzhou, Zhejiang Province.
Made from the hair of a goat or wolf, theyare round, neat, strong, and pointed. Thegoat hair is soft, suitable for the writing ofbig characters, while the wolf hair is hard,
suitable for the writing of small ones.
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Huiink sticks are produced in Hui City,Anhui Province.
They are made from the ash of burntgreen pine from Mount Huangshan andthen mixed with glue.
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Xuan paper is a special type of high qualitypaper produced in Xuancheng and JingCounty of Anhui Province.
Made in an 18-step process from the barkof the wingceltis () tree and rice straw,the paper is snow-white, soft, durable,
absorbent () and moth-proof.
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Duanink stones were first introduced inDuanzhou, now are produced inZhaoqing City, Guangdong Province.
They have a fine, solid texture and aglossy sheen (). Ink prepared in them
does not dry quickly.
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Choosing a good copybook () is agood beginning.
Different strokes are the first you should pay
attention to. The regular form is usually taken as the
standard form for beginners to practicebecause it is the basic form for other
inscriptions. Furthermore, in order to develop this skill
you must practice regularly and train hard.
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There is an oldmethod passeddown from
generation togeneration,practicing thecharacter
repeatedly becauseit contains the eightbasic dots andstrokes.
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Beijing Opera
Other Major Traditional Chinese Opera
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Originally Beijing Opera was a form of localtheatre. It then spread across the countryand became the national opera of China.
Singing, recitation, acting, and acrobaticfighting (
) are the four artisticmeans and the four basic skills of BeijingOpera.
Each action by the performer is highlysymbolic. Feelings and ideas are oftenexpressed through these symbolic motions.
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The characters of BeijingOpera are classifiedaccording to sex, age,disposition, profession, andsocial status.
There are four major roles inBeijing Opera today:sheng(male), dan(female),jing(painted face, male) and
chou(clown).
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Theshengroles aregenerally positive andcan be divided intolaosheng(: elderly
men), wusheng (
:military men),xiaosheng (: youngmen), and wawasheng(: children).
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Danrefers tovarious femaleroles, including
laodan (
),qingyi (),huadan()
wuadan(
) andcaidan().
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TheJingis a romantic,exaggerated BeijingOpera role.
The characters aremostly cheerful,
honest, gallant (
), and intrepid (
) men ortreacherous ()
and cruel men.
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The choucharacters aresharp-witted, clever,humorous, honest, andkind men. There are
wenchou(
: comiccivilian roles) who speak,act, and sing and wuchou(: arcobatic fightingcomic roles) whose
performance involves bothspeaking and acrobaticfighting.
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There are two ways to distinguish acharacters personality or role type.
The first is to understand the color code ofthe painted face. The second is to distinguish
the lines and patterns drawn on the face.
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Red defines loyal and upright persons Purple for loyal, brave, just, and noble
characters Black face makeup for faithful, brave, and
straightforward characters
Green indicates stubborn, irritable (
), and noteasily controlled characters
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Yellow for fierce, brutal, and calculating
characters White for imperious (
) and treacherous (
) people
A distorted face, drawn with
asymmetrical (
) lines,
generally represents a villain (
) or accomplice (
) or someone
whose face has been wounded.
Gold-silvered faces for ghosts and gods
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Kunqu Opera
Shaanxi Opera
Chuan Opera
Yue Opera
Huangmei Opera
Yue Opera
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Kunqu Opera is known for its gentle and
clear vocals, beautiful and refined tunes,and dance-like stage performance.
In 2001, it was listed in the Oral andIntangible Cultural Heritage by theUnited Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO
).
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Shaanxi Opera (), the oldest of all
the Chinese operas that are still inexistence today, is the typical opera of
Shaanxi province.
The Shaanxi Opera is of great fun andthe elderly residents of Xian take
particular delight in it even today.
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In the mid-18th century, in SichuanProvince and some parts of Yunnan andGuizhou Provinces, Kunqu Opera and
High-pitched Opera () werecommonly performed together with thelocal operas; Influenced by each other,
they blended into a new opera categorydesignated as Chuan Opera.
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The technique offacechangesis most often
used in Chuan Opera.
In some cases multiple
layers of masks are tornaway for each change infacial expression.
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It is popular throughout ZhejiangProvince and Shanghai as well as inmany large and medium-sized citiesthroughout the country.
The soft and gentle music of this operaevokes sentimental emotions, and the
acting style is likewise graceful andrefined.
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Huangmei Opera has been performedfor over 200 years. It is a local opera inAnhui Province and evolved from theCaicha Tune
(tea-picking tune) ofHuangmei County, Hubei Province.
Huangmei Opera is easy to understandand learn because it employs simplewords and literary traditions.
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Yue Opera is one type of traditional localoperas, popular in Guangdong andGuangxi provinces and in Chinesecommunities in South Asia and America.
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Acrobatics
Quyi
Puppet Show Shadow Play
Ghost-Exorcising Opera ()
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Chinese acrobatshave been successfulin many internationalcompetitions over the
years. As a result,foreign audienceshave eulogized the artform as mythical andengrossing and Chinais playing adominating part inacrobatics.
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Cross-talk ()
Clapper talk ()
Storytelling (
) Xiaopin()
Shuanghuang ()
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Xiaopinare short, lightcomedies in the Huaju(spoken drama)style.About 15 minutes in
length. The short, brisk,
humorous, and oftenpoignant comic skits
have been regularpopular items onChinese televisions NewYear Gala Show.
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Chinese puppetshow combineselements of song,dance, painting, and
sculpture. In puppet shows,
actors or specially-trained operatorsmanipulate thepuppets inperformances.
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The performersmanipulate colorfulleather or cardboardfigures whose
silhouettes
are reflected on ascreen by lantern light.
A light is shone on to ascreen, behind which
performers operate thesilhouettes whilesinging to theaccompaniment ofmusic.
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The Ghost-ExorcisingOpera originatedfrom a sacrificial ceremony for driving
away evil spirits and pestilence () inancient times.
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Plucked Instruments ()
Percussion Instrument (
) Wind Instrument ()
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Pipa () is anancient plucked (), four-stringed
instrument made ofwood, with thefingerboard shapedlike a melon-seed,and a long beautifulneck bent backward.
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Zither () is also aplucked stringinstrument, and it isone of the mainensemble and solo
instruments oftraditional Chinesemusic.
The present-day
zitherusually has 21-25 strings.
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Erhu (
), sometimesknown in the West asthe "Chinese violin", is atwo-stringed bowed
musical instrument andis used as a soloinstrument as well as forsmall ensembles and
large orchestras.
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Drum (
)is a percussion instrument consistingof a hollow cylinder or hemisphere with amembrane () stretched tightly over the
end or ends, and is played by beating the
membrane with hands or sticks.
Gong ()is a percussion instrument made of
copper in the shape of a disk and beaten with a
wooden hammer.
Drums and Gongs are a general terms describing
all sorts of percussion instruments.
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Ceremonial horn (
)is awoodwind instrument, withits mouthpiece made ofbrass, and its body madeof wood.
It has seven holes on theobverse () and one onthe reverseside ofthe tube.
It can produce resonantsounds, becoming aprinciple wind andpercussion instrument offolk bands.
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Bamboo Flute (
)is a wind instrumentmade of bamboo, with a row of holes,bamboo membrane and a sound-adjustinghole.
It is played by holding the instrumenthorizontally, covering the holes and blowinginto one side.
In ancient times, a verticalbamboo flute was calledxiao ().
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