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HARDWARE FOR EDUCATORS
Chapter 4
Chapter Objectives
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
2
Describe the system unitDefine the term bit and describe how a series of
bits are used to represent dataIdentify the major components of the system unit
and explain their functionsExplain how the CPU uses the four steps of a
machine cycle to process dataDescribe the four types of input as well as input
devices and pointing devicesList the characteristics of a keyboard and identify
various types of keyboards
Chapter Objectives3
Differentiate among the four types of outputIdentify different types of output devicesExplain differences among various types of printersDifferentiate between storage and memoryIdentify types of storage media and devicesDifferentiate between CDs and DVDs
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
The System Unit
System unit Boxlike case that
houses the electronic components of the computer that are used to process data
4Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
Data Representation
Analog vs. Digital Analog
Uses continuous signals to represent data and information
Digital Computers as electronic devices
that are powered by electricity Therefore, digital devices only
understand two states on – represented by the
number 1 off – represented by the
number 0 Each off or on digital value is
called a bit (short for binary digit)
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Data Representation6
Binary number systemCombination of ones and zeroes represent
characters
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
Data Representation7
Bit vs. Byte By itself a bit is not very informative Eight bits equals one byte A byte provides a combination of 0s and 1s to represent 256
individual characters (numbers, letters, punctuation marks)
The system of representing these characters are defined by patterns called a coding system ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASCII system converts every keyboard stroke into a byte When processing of the stroke into bytes is completed the result is
numbers, letters, and special characters displayed on the screen Conversion takes place so quickly you don’t even realize they are
happening
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
8Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
The Components of the System Unit9
The Motherboard Contains many of the
electronic components Chip
A small piece of semiconducting material that is made up of many layers of circuits and microscopic components
Usually no bigger than one-half-inch square
Contains many microscopic pathways that carry electrical current
Contains many different types of chips, including the CPU
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
The Components of the System Unit10
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
CPU A single chip inside the
motherboard Dual-core processor – a single
chip with dual processors Multi-core processor – a single
chip with multiple processors Interprets and carries out the
basic instructions that operate a computer
Microprocessor manages most of a computer’s operations
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The Components of the System Unit12
The Control Unit A component of the CPU that directs and coordinates
most of the operations in the computer Fetch - get the next instruction from memory Decode - translate the instruction Execute - carry out the command Store the result - write the result to memory Machine cycle
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
13Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
Image depicting the Machine Cycle
The Components of the System Unit14
The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) Performs the execution part of the machine cycle Arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division) Comparison (greater than, equal to, less than) Logical (AND, OR, NOT)
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
The Components of the System Unit15
The System Clock Synchronizes, or controls the timing of, all computer
operations Each tick is called a clock cycle Speed measured in gigahertz (GHz) Clock speed the speed at which a processor executes
instructions (measured in gigahertz GHz) Giga = one billion Hertz = one cycle per second 1 GHz = one billion ticks of the system clock in one
second Faster clock means more instructions the CPU can
execute each second
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
The Components of the System Unit16
Memory Used to store data and instructions Memory chips on circuit boards store the data and
instructions Memory store three basic items:
The operating system and other system software Application software Data being processed by application programs
Bytes are stored at specific locations or addresses
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
Terms of Storage Size
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
17
Kilobyte (KB) = 1 thousand bytes 1,024 bytes ½ page of text= =
MEGABYTE (MB)1 MILLION BYTES1,048,576 BYTES500 PAGES OF TEXT
Gigabyte (GB)
1 billion bytes
1,073,741,824 bytes
500,000 pages of text
Terabyte (TB) 1 trillion bytes 1,099,511,627,776 bytes
500,000,000 pages of text
= = =
= = =
= = =
18
Seats in a stadium are similar to addresses in memory:
(1) A seat in a stadium holds one person at a time, and an address in memory holds a single byte
(2) Both a seat and an address can be empty
(3) A seat has a unique identifying number and so does an address
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
The Components of the System Unit19
Memory Size of memory is measured by the number of bytes
available Volatile memory – contents are lost when the
computer is turned off Nonvolatile memory – contents are not lost when the
computer is turned off
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
The Components of the System Unit20
Random Access Memory (RAM) The memory chips in the system unit When the computer starts, certain operating system
files are loaded from a hard disk into RAM Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM) Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM)
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
The Components of the System Unit
Random Access Memory (RAM) RAM Chips
Smaller in size than processor chips
Commonly hold up to 4 gigabytes of memory
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The Components of the System Unit22
Random Access Memory (RAM) Configuring RAM
The more RAM, the more programs and files a computer can work on at once
Software usually tells you how much RAM is required For an application to perform optimally, you usually need
more than the minimum specifications
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
The Components of the System Unit23
Read-Only Memory (ROM) Cannot be modified Contents not lost when the
computer is turned off These type of chips are also
installed on cars, home appliances, toys, educational games
Flash Memory Type of nonvolatile memory
that can be erased electronically and rewritten on
Example of how flash memory works: Computer changes from
standard time to daylight saving time
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
The Components of the System Unit24
Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards Expansion slot
A socket on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card
Add new devices or capabilities to the computer Expansion card
Circuit board that enhances functions of a system component and/or provides connections to peripherals
Plug and Play
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
The Components of the System Unit25
Removable Memory Devices Flash memory cards USB flash drives PC Cards ExpressCard modules
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
The Components of the System Unit26
Ports and Connectors Port
Point of attachment to the system unit
Usually on the back and front of the system unit
Connectors Used to plug into ports
Male connectors Female connectors
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
The Components of the System Unit
Ports and Connectors USB USB 2.0 USB 3.0 FireWire Bluetooth
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What is Input?28
Any data or instructions you enter into the memory of a computer Data – unprocessed items Programs - series of instructions that tells the
computer how to perform a task Commands - an instruction given to a
computer program User responses - responses to questions or
messages from the software
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What are Input Devices?30
Any hardware component that: allows you to enter
data, programs, commands, user responses into a computer
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
What are Input Devices?31
The Keyboard Typing area Numeric keypad Toggle keys Status lights Arrow keys - arrow control keys Function keys Specialized buttons
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
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What are Input Devices?33
Pointing Devices An input device that allows you to control a pointer on
the screen Block arrow I-beam Pointing hand
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
What are Input Devices?
Pointing Devices Mouse
One or two button mouse Scroll wheel Moving the mouse pointer Clicking Dragging Double-clicking Optical mouse Cordless mouse
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What are Input Devices?
Touchpad and Pointing Stick Touchpad – small, flat,
rectangular pointing device that is sensitive to pressure and motion
Pointing Stick – pressure-sensitive pointing device shaped like a pencil eraser
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What are Input Devices?
Pointing Devices Trackball
Like a mouse, but the ball is on top
Often used on portable computers
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What are Input Devices?
Pointing Devices Joystick
Uses the movement of a vertical lever
Often used with games Wheel
Steering-wheel type input device
Used to simulate driving a car or other vehicle
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What are Input Devices?
Pointing Devices Touch screen
Monitor has a touch sensitive panel
Used to issue simple commands or choose from a list of options
Kiosks
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What are Input Devices?39
Optical Scanners Captures an entire page of text or images such as
photographs or artwork electronically Converts the text or image on the original document
into digital data that can be stored on a storage medium and processed by the computer
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
What are Input Devices?
Pen Input Users write, draw,
and tap on a flat surface to enter input
Stylus – small metal or plastic device that looks like a tiny ink pen but uses pressure instead of ink
Digital pen – slightly larger than a stylus
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What are Input Devices?
Digital Cameras Allows you to take
pictures and store the photographed images digitally
Download, or transfer, pictures to your computer
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What are Input Devices?42
Audio and Video Input Audio input
Entering speech, music, or sound effects Sound card Speech Recognition
Computer’s capability of distinguishing spoken words
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
What are Input Devices?43
Audio and Video Input Video input
Capturing a full-motion recording onto a computer and storing the video on a computer’s storage medium
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
What are Input Devices?
PDAs, Smart Phones, and Media Players Input Navigation receiver Microphone Digital camera Data transfer Wireless keyboard Stylus
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What is Output?
TextGraphicsAudioVideo
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What are Output Devices?46
Any computer component capable of conveying information to the user
Commonly used output devices Display devices Printers Data projectors Facsimile machines Multifunction devices Interactive whiteboards Speakers, headphones, and earphones
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
What are Output Devices?47
Display Devices Screen housed in a plastic or metal case Variety of sizes Cathode ray tube (CRT) Pixels Flat-panel displays
LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors LCD screens Plasma monitors
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48Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
What are Output Devices?
Plasma Monitors Some can measure more
than 150 inches wide Uses gas plasma technology,
which sandwiches a layer of gas between two glass plates
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What are Output Devices?50
Monitor Quality Resolution (sharpness and clarity)
Expressed as number of columns and rows 1600 x 1200
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
What are Output Devices?51
Televisions Output device for game consoles Some came consoles include a small LCD screen Larger television displays are more preferable
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
What are Output Devices?52
Printers An output device that produces text and graphics on a
physical medium such as paper or transparency film Hard copy (printout) Portrait orientation vs. landscape orientation Printing requirements vary
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
What are Output Devices?
Nonimpact Printers Do not strike paper Much quieter Ink-jet printers
Spray tiny drops of ink onto the paper
Both black-and-white and color
Photo printers Produce photo lab
quality pictures Many use ink-jet
technology
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What are Output Devices?
Nonimpact Printers Laser printers
High-speed, high-quality nonimpact printer
Very high quality resolution
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What are Output Devices?
Data Projectors Allows an audience to
view output LCD projectors Digital light processing
(DLP) projector
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What are Output Devices?
Facsimile (Fax) Machine Used to transmit and
receive an image of a document over a telephone line
Stand-alone Fax modem
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What are Output Devices?
Multifunction Devices Can print, scan, copy,
and fax Less space Lower cost than
separate units
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What are Output Devices?58
Interactive whiteboards Touch-sensitive device,
resembling a dry-erase board
A presenter controls the computer program used to display the image by: Clicking a remote control Touching the whiteboard Drawing on or erasing
the whiteboard Writing on a special
tablet
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
What are Output Devices?
Speakers, Headphones, and Earphones Voice output Audio output device Internal speaker
59Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
What is Storage?
The media on which data, instructions, and information are kept
The devices that record and retrieve data, instructions, and information
Similar to a filing cabinet
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Storage Media and Devices61
Storage medium Also called secondary storage Physical material
Storage device Mechanism used to record and retrieve these items to
and from a storage medium Capacity measured in megabytes or gigabytes
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
Storage Media and Devices62
Magnetic Disk Uses magnetic patterns to store data, instructions,
and information on the disk’s surface Formatting is the process of preparing a disk for
reading and writing by organizing the disk into storage locations called tracks and sectors
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
Storage Media and Devices63
Hard Disks Provide large storage capacity Sizes range from 160 GB to 1.5 TB Consists of several inflexible, circular disks, called
platters Magnetic storage device Formatting
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
Storage Media and Devices64
Miniature and Portable Hard Disks Miniature hard disks are found in consumer
electronics and have greater storage capacities than flash memory
External hard disks connect to a USB or FireWire port by a cable
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
Storage Media and Devices65
CDs and DVDs Optical storage media Used to distribute software Laser reads pits on the surface Used on multimedia computers Several types
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
Storage Media and Devices66
Care of Optical Discs Can last up to 100 years if properly cared for Never bend a disc Avoid extreme temperatures and humidity Keep away from contaminants Do not stack or touch discs Use a protective case
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
Storage Media and Devices
CD-ROM Compact disc read-only
memory Can contain text,
graphics, video, as well as sound
Can hold up to 1 GB Used to distribute
software
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Storage Media and Devices68
Picture CDs Stores digital versions
of a single roll of film using a .jpg file format
Most optical drives can read a Picture CD
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
Storage Media and Devices69
CD-R and CD-RW Compact disc-recordable
Can write on each part of the disc only one time Cannot be erased
Compact disc-rewriteable Can write on multiple times Erasable disc
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
Storage Media and Devices70
DVD and BD Digital video disc read-only memory (DVD-ROM)
Can store from 4.7 GB to 17 GB High quality DVD-ROM drives
BD (Blu-ray Disc) has storage capacities of 100GB, with expectations of exceeding 200 GB
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
Storage Media and Devices71
Miniature Mobile Storage Media
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
Storage Media and Devices72
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
Storage Media and Devices73
USB Flash Drive Storage device that
plugs into a USB port on a computer or mobile device
Smart Card Similar in size to a
credit card Stores data on a thin
microprocessor embedded in the card
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
Chapter Summary74
Describe the system unitDefine the term bit and describe how a series of
bits are used to represent dataIdentify the major components of the system unit
and explain their functionsExplain how the CPU uses the four steps of a
machine cycle to process dataDescribe the four types of input as well as input
devices and pointing devicesList the characteristics of a keyboard and identify
various types of keyboards
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
Chapter Summary75
Differentiate among the four types of outputIdentify different types of output devicesExplain differences among various types of
printersDifferentiate between storage and memoryIdentify types of storage media and devicesDifferentiate between CDs and DVDs
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
HARDWARE FOR EDUCATORS
Chapter 4 CompleteChapter 4 Complete
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