chapter 21 part 4 the french revolution. the age of rousseau 1792-1799 the national convention...
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The Age of RousseauThe Age of Rousseau1792-17991792-1799
The National Convention 1792-1795The National Convention 1792-1795 Most of the members of the National Most of the members of the National
Convention were Jacobins and republicansConvention were Jacobins and republicans They were well-educated middle class folkThey were well-educated middle class folk
Sept 1792: France was proclaimed a Sept 1792: France was proclaimed a republicrepublic
The Monarchy was abolishedThe Monarchy was abolished The Republic was based on Equality, The Republic was based on Equality,
Liberty and FraternityLiberty and Fraternity
The National ConventionThe National Conventiondivided into 2 factions:divided into 2 factions:
The MountainThe Mountain: radical republicans, : radical republicans, urbanitesurbanites
Led by Robespierre and DantonLed by Robespierre and Danton Called the Mountain because they sat Called the Mountain because they sat
on the upper most left side of the hallon the upper most left side of the hall
The Girondins:The Girondins: were moderate and were moderate and ruralrural
The Sans-culottesThe Sans-culottes
Were radical members of the Were radical members of the working-classworking-class
Were a big influence on the National Were a big influence on the National ConventionConvention
Had an economic agenda skilled at Had an economic agenda skilled at inciting violenceinciting violence
Were involved in the Storming of the Were involved in the Storming of the Bastille, the March to Versailles, the Bastille, the March to Versailles, the September MassacresSeptember Massacres
The Sans-culottesThe Sans-culottes
Believed the National Convention Believed the National Convention was too moderatewas too moderate
Threatened the National Convention Threatened the National Convention with mass uprisings …and they with mass uprisings …and they could delivercould deliver
In the MeantimeIn the Meantime
The French Revolutionary army successfully The French Revolutionary army successfully stopped the Prussian army at the Battle of stopped the Prussian army at the Battle of Valmy (Sept. 1792)Valmy (Sept. 1792)
The battle was indecisive BUT was a great The battle was indecisive BUT was a great moral victory for the French Revolutionary moral victory for the French Revolutionary armyarmy
The Battle of Jemappes: the French were The Battle of Jemappes: the French were able to occupy the Austrian Netherlands as a able to occupy the Austrian Netherlands as a result of defeating the Austriansresult of defeating the Austrians
February 1793February 1793
The French declared war on Britain, The French declared war on Britain, Holland, and Spain while still at war Holland, and Spain while still at war with the first Coalition (Austria and with the first Coalition (Austria and Prussia)Prussia)
January 1793January 1793
Louis XVI was convicted of treason Louis XVI was convicted of treason and executedand executed
Those who had supported regicide Those who had supported regicide knew that they were in big trouble if knew that they were in big trouble if the government fellthe government fell
By the Spring of 1793…the military By the Spring of 1793…the military was in troublewas in trouble
May 1793May 1793
The Mountain, with support of the The Mountain, with support of the Sans-culottes ousted the GirondinsSans-culottes ousted the Girondins
The Mountain believed that the The Mountain believed that the Girondins would ally with Girondins would ally with conservatives and royalists to conservatives and royalists to remain in powerremain in power
EnragesEnrages
Were leaders of the radical working class in Were leaders of the radical working class in ParisParis
They were even scarier than the Sans-They were even scarier than the Sans-culottes!culottes!
They seized and arrested 31 GirondinsThey seized and arrested 31 Girondins
Many Girondins left Paris to work against the Many Girondins left Paris to work against the revolutionary governmentrevolutionary government
By this time, many in France had lost faith in By this time, many in France had lost faith in the Revolutionary governmentthe Revolutionary government
Remember Marat?Remember Marat?
Marat was supporting the Mountain (and Marat was supporting the Mountain (and Sans-culottes, and Enrages)Sans-culottes, and Enrages)
1793 He was stabbed (killed) while in the 1793 He was stabbed (killed) while in the tub by Charlotte Corday (who supported tub by Charlotte Corday (who supported the Girondins)the Girondins)
She was later executedShe was later executed Women’s political clubs were closed down Women’s political clubs were closed down
by the governmentby the government
The Committee of Public The Committee of Public SafetySafety
1793-17941793-1794 Led by RobespierreLed by Robespierre Was an emergency government Was an emergency government National Convention was abolishedNational Convention was abolished
Robespierre was influenced by Robespierre was influenced by Rousseau and was a fanatic Rousseau and was a fanatic regarding revolutionary idealismregarding revolutionary idealism
The Committee of Public The Committee of Public SafetySafety
Worked closely with the Sans-culottesWorked closely with the Sans-culottes Another leader: Louis Saint-JustAnother leader: Louis Saint-Just
Imposed Imposed The Law of Maximum:The Law of Maximum: A A planned economy to deal with food planned economy to deal with food shortages, supplies for the war, etcshortages, supplies for the war, etc
Would help France wage “total war” Would help France wage “total war” against its enemiesagainst its enemies
The Law of MaximumThe Law of Maximum
The Government decreed maximum allowable The Government decreed maximum allowable prices fixed in paper assignats for key itemsprices fixed in paper assignats for key items
The price of bread was fixed at levels the The price of bread was fixed at levels the poor could affordpoor could afford
Rationing was introducedRationing was introduced Small workshops were nationalized, raw Small workshops were nationalized, raw
materials and grain were requisitioned by the materials and grain were requisitioned by the governmentgovernment
Government produced arms and munitionsGovernment produced arms and munitions Was an early version of socialismWas an early version of socialism
SlaverySlavery
Was abolished in the French Was abolished in the French colonies (Haiti)colonies (Haiti)
The War EffortThe War Effort
Lazare Carnot reorganized the French Lazare Carnot reorganized the French armyarmy
Levee en masseLevee en masse the whole country was the whole country was conscripted!conscripted!
The largest army in European history: The largest army in European history: One million strongOne million strong
The first coalition was in declineThe first coalition was in decline
The Reign of Terror The Reign of Terror 1793-17941793-1794
The Law of Suspects:The Law of Suspects: Accused Accused enemies of the revolution were tried enemies of the revolution were tried in front of Revolutionary Tribunalsin front of Revolutionary Tribunals
Were tried for treasonWere tried for treason Louis XVI was convicted and executed Louis XVI was convicted and executed
through this lawthrough this law Marie Antoinette was executed later Marie Antoinette was executed later
in the yearin the year
The Law of SuspectsThe Law of Suspects
Was responsible for the death of about Was responsible for the death of about 40,000 people40,000 people
Most were guillotined (more humane)Most were guillotined (more humane)
The Reign of Terror was a political weaponThe Reign of Terror was a political weapon All classes were threatened, tried, executedAll classes were threatened, tried, executed
8% of victims were nobles8% of victims were nobles 14% were bourgeoisie14% were bourgeoisie 6% Clergy6% Clergy 70% peasants or laborers70% peasants or laborers
Most people were Most people were arrestedarrested
While engaging in open revolts While engaging in open revolts against the governmentagainst the government
300,000 were imprisoned300,000 were imprisoned
In the end…NO ONE WAS SAFE!In the end…NO ONE WAS SAFE!
Soon, leading Jacobins were Soon, leading Jacobins were victimsvictims
Danton and his followers were Danton and his followers were arrested and executed!arrested and executed!
The Republic of VirtueThe Republic of Virtue
Created by RobespierreCreated by Robespierre A new political culture designed to A new political culture designed to
promote revolutionary virtuepromote revolutionary virtue
A New calendar was introduced…A New calendar was introduced…eliminated references to religious, Greco-eliminated references to religious, Greco-Roman Gods, etc.Roman Gods, etc.
Changed names of months and days and Changed names of months and days and number of days in months, months in number of days in months, months in years, etcyears, etc
1794 The Cult of the 1794 The Cult of the Supreme BeingSupreme Being
A Deistic natural religion which A Deistic natural religion which recognized the existence of God and recognized the existence of God and the immortality of the human soulthe immortality of the human soul
Notre Dame Cathedral became The Notre Dame Cathedral became The Temple of ReasonTemple of Reason
Catholics were firmly against the Catholics were firmly against the government by this timegovernment by this time
The Thermidorian The Thermidorian Reaction 1794Reaction 1794
Robespierre had gone too farRobespierre had gone too far Those influenced by Voltaire’s beliefs Those influenced by Voltaire’s beliefs
helped to topple Robespierrehelped to topple Robespierre
Robespierre was denounced in the Robespierre was denounced in the Convention, was arrested, tried, and Convention, was arrested, tried, and executed…along with his followersexecuted…along with his followers
The working class had stopped supporting The working class had stopped supporting Robespierre when their fellows were Robespierre when their fellows were targeted by the Law of Suspectstargeted by the Law of Suspects
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