chapter 2
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World Regions in Global Context:World Regions in Global Context:Peoples, Places, and Environments (3Peoples, Places, and Environments (3rdrd Ed.) Ed.)
Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, & Diana M. Liverman& Diana M. Liverman
Chapter 2: EuropeChapter 2: Europe
Robert M. ArthurRobert M. Arthur
EuropeEurope
Highest Population Densities in the Highest Population Densities in the Developed WorldDeveloped World
Urals – Traditional Western BoundaryUrals – Traditional Western Boundary The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”
- State socialismState socialism- Satellite statesSatellite states
European UnionEuropean Union
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff
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Setting the BoundariesSetting the Boundaries
40 countries ranging from large states 40 countries ranging from large states (e.g., Germany) to microstates (e.g., (e.g., Germany) to microstates (e.g., Andorra)Andorra)
Relatively small region; Densely settledRelatively small region; Densely settled
Shared history amidst cultural diversityShared history amidst cultural diversity
EuropeEurope
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Europe
Figure 8.1
Arctic NorwayUnder the midnight sun of
arctic Norway, the many
troublesome issues facing
Europe seem far away, at
least for the moment.
(Les Rowntree)
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Europe is about two-thirds
the size of North America,
as shown in this
cartographic comparison.
Another important
characteristic is the
northerly location of the
region, which affects its
climate, vegetation, and
agriculture. Much of
Europe lies at the same
latitude as Canada; even
the Mediterranean lands
are farther north than
the United States–
Mexico border.
Landforms & LandscapesLandforms & Landscapes Importance of the seaImportance of the sea
- IslandsIslands- PeninsulasPeninsulas
Physiographic RegionsPhysiographic Regions- Northwestern uplandsNorthwestern uplands- Alpine systemAlpine system- Central plateausCentral plateaus- North European lowlandsNorth European lowlands
Physiographic RegionsPhysiographic Regions
Northwestern UplandsNorthwestern Uplands
Alpine EuropeAlpine Europe
Physiographic RegionsPhysiographic Regions
Central PlateausCentral Plateaus
North European North European LowlandsLowlands
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Landform RegionsLandform Regions
European LowlandsEuropean Lowlands
Alpine Mountain Alpine Mountain SystemSystem
Central UplandsCentral Uplands
Western HighlandsWestern Highlands
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Climate
Although along the same line of latitude as northern Canada, Europe has much milder climates. What accounts for this difference?
Global Climate Regions
ClimographA standard scheme, called the Köppen system after the Austrian geographer who
devised it in the early twentieth century, is used to describe the world's diverse
climates. A combination of letters refers to the general climate type, along with its
precipitation and temperature characteristics. More specifically, the A climates are
tropical, the B climates are dry, the C climates are generally moderate and are found
in the middle latitudes, and the D climates are associated with continental and high-
latitude locations.
Mediterranean EuropeMediterranean Europe
From Southern Spain to Eastern GreeceFrom Southern Spain to Eastern Greece Mediterranean ClimateMediterranean Climate Ancient Land Tenure SystemsAncient Land Tenure Systems
- Centuration, latifundia & minifundiaCenturation, latifundia & minifundia
Europe in the World-SystemEurope in the World-System
Greek EmpireGreek Empire- AthensAthens- CorinthCorinth
Roman EmpireRoman Empire- EngineeringEngineering- RoadsRoads
Feudal SystemsFeudal Systems
Trade and the Age of Trade and the Age of DiscoveryDiscovery
Merchant CapitalismMerchant Capitalism- Venice, Pisa, GenoaVenice, Pisa, Genoa- The Hanseatic LeagueThe Hanseatic League
InnovationInnovation- Business organizationBusiness organization- MachineryMachinery
The Age of DiscoveryThe Age of Discovery- Ship buildingShip building- NavigationNavigation
Industrialization & Industrialization & ImperialismImperialism
Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution- Three WavesThree Waves- 1790-18591790-1859
• Localized, steam, textiles, Localized, steam, textiles, ironiron
- 1850-18701850-1870• Diffusion, steel, machine Diffusion, steel, machine
tools, railwaystools, railways
- 1870-19201870-1920• ReorganizationReorganization• Core-peripheryCore-periphery• ElectricityElectricity
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Industrial Industrial Revolution Revolution and Beyondand Beyond
Figure 8.36
ImperialismImperialism Economic and Economic and
Military DominationMilitary Domination- Global expansion Global expansion
World War IWorld War I The Great The Great
DepressionDepression World War IIWorld War II
- The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan
Eastern EuropeEastern Europe Iron CurtainIron Curtain
- Buffer zoneBuffer zone
State SocialismState Socialism- Command Command
economieseconomies
IndustrializationIndustrialization- Agglomeration Agglomeration
economieseconomies- Egalitarian societyEgalitarian society
1989 - Collapse1989 - Collapse
Peoples of EuropePeoples of Europe
DensityDensity- Dense coreDense core- Sparse peripherySparse periphery- Slow growthSlow growth
European DiasporaEuropean Diaspora Internal MigrationInternal Migration Migrant WorkersMigrant Workers
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Demographic Demographic TrendsTrends
- Slow or Negative RNI
- High Densities
Population PyramidPopulation Pyramid Age-Sex PyramidAge-Sex Pyramid
- Tremendous Tremendous informationinformation
- Males – leftMales – left- Females – RightFemales – Right- Shows the population Shows the population
structurestructure- Can be used for Can be used for
forecastingforecasting
Migration Within EuropeMigration Within Europe IndustrializationIndustrialization
- Workers to industrial Workers to industrial areas near coal fieldsareas near coal fields
- Rural to urbanRural to urban- War and political War and political
upheavalupheaval
Current MigrationCurrent Migration- Rural to urban continuesRural to urban continues- Migrant workersMigrant workers- East to westEast to west- Balkan conflictBalkan conflict
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Guest Workers and “Fortress Guest Workers and “Fortress Europe”Europe”
Illegal Migration to Europe
Czech Republic Border Station
European Cultural European Cultural TraditionsTraditions
GreeksGreeks- Rational inquiryRational inquiry- PhilosophyPhilosophy
RomansRomans- LawLaw- AdministrationAdministration
Judeo-ChristianJudeo-Christian- IndividualityIndividuality
ModernityModernity
EnlightenmentEnlightenment RadicalismRadicalism
- MarxismMarxism- StructuralismStructuralism- ExistentialismExistentialism- PostmodernismPostmodernism
Gender and Gender and InequalityInequality- FeminismFeminism
Culture & EthnicityCulture & Ethnicity
NorthNorth- ProtestantProtestant- Germanic languagesGermanic languages
SouthSouth- CatholicCatholic- Larger familiesLarger families- Romance languagesRomance languages
1648 The Treaty of 1648 The Treaty of WestphaliaWestphalia- The Nation-stateThe Nation-state
XenophobiaXenophobia
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Linguistic Linguistic DiversityDiversity
Removing Cyrillic Letters in Pristina, Kosovo
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Religious Religious DiversityDiversity
Tensions in Northern Ireland
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Contemporary Religious Contemporary Religious LandscapesLandscapes
Expanding diversityExpanding diversity- IslamIslam- JudaismJudaism
Trends toward Trends toward secularizationsecularization
Jewish Synagogue in Berlin
Turkish Store in Germany
Ethnicity and National Ethnicity and National IdentityIdentity
Many Local Many Local GroupsGroups
Leads to:Leads to:- RegionalizationRegionalization- SeparationSeparation- BalkanizationBalkanization- Enclaves and Enclaves and
exclavesexclaves- Ethnic cleansingEthnic cleansing
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Geopolitical Geopolitical FrameworkFramework
Figure 8.29
Terrorism in Madrid
Conflict in the BalkansConflict in the Balkans
BalkanizationBalkanization Enclaves and ExclavesEnclaves and Exclaves
Ethnic CleansingEthnic Cleansing
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Europe—The BalkansEurope—The Balkans
Kosovar Refugees
The diverse and complicated mosaic of ethnic diversity in the Balkans has led to geopolitical fragmentation in recent decades. Not only is the area a meeting ground for Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Islam, but complex linguistic boundaries complicate ethnic and national identity. Further, a long history of discrimination and retaliation between ethnic groups is embedded in ethnic consciousness.
Thousands of Muslim Kosovars were forced to flee the Yugoslavian province of Kosovo during a period of ethnic cleansing by Serbian forces in the late 1990s. This violence led to aerial bombardment of former Yugoslavia by NATO planes to force Serbian leaders to accept UN peacekeepers in the province. Currently, Kosovo is administered by the UN while the possibility of independence from Serbia is discussed
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Geopolitical Geopolitical ChangeChange
At the outset of the twentieth century,
central Europe was dominated by the
German, Austro-Hungarian
(or Hapsburg), and Russian empires.
Following World War I, these empires
were largely replaced by a mosaic of
nation-states. More border changes
followed World War II, largely as a
result of the Soviet Union's turning
that area into a buffer zone between
itself and western Europe. With the
demise of Soviet hegemony in 1989,
further political change took place.
Contemporary ChallengesContemporary Challenges 13% World’s Population13% World’s Population 35% World’s Exports35% World’s Exports 43% World’s Imports43% World’s Imports 33% Aggregate World GNP33% Aggregate World GNP
Welfare StatesWelfare States DisinvestmentDisinvestment DeindustrializationDeindustrialization
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Environmental Issues – Overview
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Environmental Issues (cont’d)Environmental Issues (cont’d)Acid Rain in Bohemia
Toxic Landscape in Romania
Changing EnvironmentsChanging Environments
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff
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Wind Farm in Denmark
Restoring Oxshott Heath in England
The European UnionThe European Union
EU Agricultural PolicyEU Agricultural Policy- Price stabilizationPrice stabilization- Subsidizing incomeSubsidizing income- Product specializationProduct specialization
- ProblemsProblems• Environmental Environmental
degradationdegradation
• Surplus productionSurplus production
• ComplexityComplexity
EU and Regional EU and Regional InterdependenceInterdependence- Common currencyCommon currency- Coordination of economic Coordination of economic
policypolicy- Redistribution of wealthRedistribution of wealth- Common external policyCommon external policy
- Benefits the core at the Benefits the core at the expense of the peripheryexpense of the periphery
The European UnionThe European Union
The European UnionThe European Union
InfrastructureInfrastructure- Trans-European Trans-European
Networks (TENs)Networks (TENs)- UpgradeUpgrade
• RoadsRoads• BridgesBridges• WaterwaysWaterways• Rail linesRail lines• AirportsAirports
High-Speed RailHigh-Speed Rail
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The EU and The EU and Economic Economic IntegrationIntegration
Reintegration of Eastern Reintegration of Eastern EuropeEurope
1989 – 19921989 – 1992- Breakup of Soviet satellitesBreakup of Soviet satellites
RestructuringRestructuring- Remove price and wage controlsRemove price and wage controls- Create financial infrastructureCreate financial infrastructure- Create government fiscal systemsCreate government fiscal systems- PrivatizationPrivatization
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Legacies of a Command Legacies of a Command EconomyEconomy
Bulgaria
Poland
Core RegionsCore Regions
The Golden TriangleThe Golden Triangle
AdvantagesAdvantages- WaterwaysWaterways- Capital citiesCapital cities- Industrial heartlandsIndustrial heartlands- Skilled labor force and affluent consumer Skilled labor force and affluent consumer
marketmarket
The Golden TriangleThe Golden Triangle EU Headquarters (Brussels, Belgium)EU Headquarters (Brussels, Belgium) Berlin, London and ParisBerlin, London and Paris Producer ServicesProducer Services Intensive AgricultureIntensive Agriculture Highly UrbanizedHighly Urbanized
- Connected by elaborate network of infrastructureConnected by elaborate network of infrastructure• CanalsCanals• RailwaysRailways• HighwaysHighways
Randstaad, HollandRandstaad, Holland
Urban AgglomorationUrban Agglomoration- DordrechtDordrecht- RotterdamRotterdam- DelftDelft- The HagueThe Hague- LeidenLeiden- HaarlemHaarlem- AmsterdamAmsterdam- HilversumHilversum- UtrechtUtrecht- 6 million inhabitants6 million inhabitants
BerlinBerlin SiteSite- Central locationCentral location- WaterwaysWaterways- Historical capitalHistorical capital
Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution- Manufacturing centerManufacturing center- Banking centerBanking center- Transportation hubTransportation hub
Berlin WallBerlin Wall ReunificationReunification
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Urban Change in BerlinUrban Change in Berlin
In August 1961, the East German and Soviet armies built a concrete and barbed-wire structure, known simply as "the Wall," to stem the flow of East Germans leaving the Soviet zone.
It was the most visible symbol of the Cold War until November 1989, when Berliners physically dismantled it after the Soviet Union renounced its control over eastern Europe.
BerlinBerlin
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LondonLondon SiteSite
- Deep water portDeep water port- Close to continental EuropeClose to continental Europe
Historical CenterHistorical Center- GovernmentGovernment
• ParliamentParliament
• MonarchyMonarchy
- Legal and financial Legal and financial institutionsinstitutions
- Cultural institutionsCultural institutions
DockyardsDockyards GreenbeltGreenbelt 7 Million Inhabitants7 Million Inhabitants
ParisParis SiteSite
- CentralCentral- River SeineRiver Seine
HistoricalHistorical- Seat Of GovernmentSeat Of Government- MonumentalMonumental- HaussmanizationHaussmanization
Cultural CenterCultural Center Social HousingSocial Housing La DefenseLa Defense
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Historical CityscapesHistorical Cityscapes
MedievalMedieval
Renaissance-Renaissance-BaroqueBaroque
IndustrialIndustrial
Aerial View of Central Paris
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Historic PreservationHistoric Preservation
Preserving Paris and Regensburg
The Southern CrescentThe Southern Crescent Secondary CoreSecondary Core Southern Germany Southern Germany
Across Northern ItalyAcross Northern Italy
Cheaper Land and Cheaper Land and LaborLabor- DeindustrializationDeindustrialization- Flexible production Flexible production
regionsregions
MilanMilan Leading City of ItalyLeading City of Italy
- ManufacturingManufacturing• Automobile, aircraft, motorcycles, chemicals, electrical productsAutomobile, aircraft, motorcycles, chemicals, electrical products
- ServicesServices• Finance, design, fashionFinance, design, fashion
- 28% of Italy’s national income28% of Italy’s national income
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Social andSocial andEconomicEconomicDevelopmentDevelopment
End of Chapter 2:End of Chapter 2:
EuropeEurope
World Regions in Global Context:World Regions in Global Context:Peoples, Places, and Environments (3Peoples, Places, and Environments (3rdrd Ed.) Ed.)
Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, & Diana M. Liverman& Diana M. Liverman
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