chapter 19 empires in collision middle east and east asia 1800 1914

@SOFISANDOVAL

INTRODUCTION

s  OpiumWarsremainacentralelementofChina´s“patrioticeducation”

s  Some170yearsafterthatclashbetweentheChineseandBritishempires,theOpiumWarretainsenemotionalresonanceformanyChinese.

s  ChinafacedanimmensemilitaryandpoliticalambitionsofrivalEuropeanstates.

s  Becameenmeshedinnetworksoftradeandinvestment

s  TouchedbyvariousaspectsofEruopeanculture–modernityandscientificrationalism

MAPOFTIME

s  1973–ChineserejritishrequestsforOpenTrade

s  1798–NapoleoninvadesEgypt

s  1838-1842FirstOpiumWarinChina

s  1850-1864TaipinguprisinginChina

s  1856-1858SecondOpiumWarinChina

s  1868InJapan:MejiRestoration

s  1899-1901BoxerRebellioninChina

s  1911ChineseRevolution:EndofQingDynasty

CRISISWITHINs  In1853:430millionChinese=no

IndustrialRevolution,noagriculturalrevolution=couldntkeepup.

s  Hugepeasantpopulation,unemployment,impoverishment,miseryandstarvationhigh.

s  Statewasunabletoeffectvelyperformmanyfunctions:taxcollection,floodcontrol,socialwelfare.=corruption

s  Gaverisetobanditgangs=peasantrebellionopposedtoQingDynasty.=TaipingUprising

VIDEOTAIPINGREBELLION

3MINUTEVIDEO:HISTORYOFTAIPINGREBELLION

s  https://youtu.be/UaWv5cE-_hM

TAIPINGREBELLIONs  Itsleadingfigure,Xiuquan(1814-1864)proclaimedhimseldyoungerbrotherofJesus.Establish

“heavenlyKigdomofGreatPeace”.

s  XiuquanrenouncedtheQingDynasty.

s  Taipingofficialsorderedthatthefeetofwomenbeunbound.Promisedwomenandmenequalsharesofland.Womenallowedforcivilserviceexaminations.

s  Posturedtowardwomenrepresentedsharpchallegetolongestablishedgenderedroles.

s  Taipingforces–capitalinNanjing.Butthelackofcommunicationwithotherleadersofrebelgroupsledtothepro-QingDynastytoorganizethemselves.

s  Qingdynastyloyalitscrushedpeasantrebellions(WesternmilitarysupportforQingDynasty).

s  =devastationanddestructionofcivilwarweakenedChina´seconomy.30millionliveslost.

WESTERNPRESSURESs  1830sBritishandAmericansfound

enormous,growingprofitablemarketforthisaddictivedrug:OPIUM

s  Chineseauthoritiesrecognizedproblem:illegaltrade=corruption

s  Chinafounditselfwithmanymillionsofaddicts.–Emperordecidedsupppression.

s  Britishoffendedbytheseizureoftheirpropertyinopium–sentanavalexpeditiontoChina.=FirstOpiumWar

OPIUMWARSs  FirstOpiumWar–TreatyofNanjing(ended

thewarin1842)onBritishterms,imposednumerousrestrictionsonChinesesovereigntyandopened5portstoEuropeantraders.(ForChinathiswas=“unequaltreaties”.)

s  BritainsvictoryinaSecondOpiumWar(1856-1858)accompaniedbyabrutalvandalizingofemperor´sexquisiteSummerPalace(humilitation).Britishwantedmoreports,nowforeignersallowedtotravelfreelyandbuylandinChinaandpreachChristianity.

s  ChinalostcontrolofVietnam,KoreaandTaiwan.Chinawasbeing“carvedup”.

CONSEQUENCES?s  Women:QiuJin(1785-1907)lefthusbandand

2childrentostudyinJapan,startedawomen´sjournalarguingthatliberatedwomenwereessentialforstrongChinesenation.

s  Jin“myaimistodresslikeaman,inChinamenarestrongandwomenareviewedweak”.

s  QingDynastyresponsetoforeignledtotheedictsin1898“HundredDaysofReform”.

s  Manyorganizedrevolutionaries.Chinawasinthebeginningofanimmensestruggleovercountry´sfuture.

OTTOMANEMPIREs  Islamicworldrepresentedahighly

successfulcivilizationthatfeltlittleneedtolearnfromthe“infidels”or“barbarians”oftheWest.

s  OttomanEmpireprotecteditspilgrimsontheirwaytotheMecca.

s  ThegrowingWestbytheendofthe19thcentury,OttomanEmpirewasnolongerabletodealwithEurope.

s  GreatWestsawOttomanEmpireastheSICKMANOFEUROPE

SICKMANOFEUROPEs  OttomanEmpireshrankconsiderablyatthehands

ofBritish,AustrianandFrenchaggresion.

s  In1798NapoleoninvasionofEgyptwasastunningblow.=LedtoGreece,Serbia,BulgariaachievedindependencebasedontheirownsurgingfornationalismwiththesupportoftheBritish(army,trade).

s  Ottomanstateweakened,(particularlyitsabilitytoraisenecessaryrevenuetofight)–technologicalandmilitarygapwiththeWestwasgrowing.

s  CompetitionfromcheapEuropeanmanufacturergoodshitsOttomanEmpire.

s  =OttomanEmpirefallsintoadependencyonEurope.

REFORMANDITSOPPONENTS

s  SultanSelimIIIsoughttoreorganizeandupdatearmytodrawonEuropeanadvisersandtechniques.

s  ButhostilityofpowerfulfactionsamongtheUlama(religiousscholars)andJanissariesoverthrowSelimin1807.

s  In1839,reformistmeasuresknownasTANZIMAT,reorganizationtookshapeontheOttomanleadershipstoprovideEconomic,socialandlegalforanewrecentralizedstate.

s  Westernstylenewcodes,modernization=factories,railroads,steamships,telegraphsystem.Armaments.

REFORMS–WOMENANDSTATEMODERNIZATION

s  Tanzimatreformsdidnotaddressgenderissues,theydidstimulatemodesteducationforwomen.

s  Teachertrainingcollegeforwomenin1870.Favoredgreateropportunitiesforthemasmeansofstrengtheningthestate,middlehighclasswereinvitedtodiscussionsstatematters.

s  OttomanEmpirebecameinfavorofamoreEuropeanstyledemocratic,lesspowertotheEmperor.

s  Islamicmodernism,suchideasfoundexpressioninmanypartsofMuslimworld.–societiesarguedtheneedtoembraceWesterntechnicalknowledge.

s  Modernitywithoutsacrificingitsessentialreligiouscharacter.

YOUNGTURKSs  CivilianelitesknownasYoungTurks–

modernizationalongEuropeanlinestoperformTurkishnationalstate.

s  Led=Turkishasofficiallanguage.OpeningsofUniveristies(UniversityofIstambul),womentowearWesternclothing,permittedtodivorce,restrictedpolygamy.

s  OttomanidentityhelpstimulateArabandothernationalisms.

COMPARINGCHINAANDOTTOMANEMPIRE

s  Bothare/werevibrantCivilizations,shiftingbalanceofpowertotheWest.

s  Nowtheywere“semi-colonies”withinWest(Europe).

s  ChineseandOttomanEmpirescouldntcreateanIndustrialEconomyorStrongState.Butgaverisetoanewconceptionofsociety.

s  InChinacollpaseofImperialSystem1911–ledtoacommunistregime.

s  CollapseofOttomanEmpireledtothecreationofnewbutsmallerstateofTurkey.

s  ChineseretainedtraditionalConfucianvalues.

s  Islamretainedaholdonitscivilization.

JAPANESEDIFFERENCE:RISEOFNEWEASTPOWER

s  JapanconfrontedtheagressicepoweroftheWestduringthe19thcentury–SpeciallyUnitedState“blackships”ledbyMathewPerryscommodore.–demandingopeningportsandamore“normal”relationswiththeworlds.

s  Japanundertookaradicalformofitssociety:Arevolutionfromabrove;turningJapanintoapowerful,modern,united,industrializednation.

s  JapanjoinedtheclubofimperialistcountriesbycreatingitsownEmpire.

s  BuildingasocietythatwasmodernanddistinclyJapanese.

TOKUGAWABACKGROUND

s  JapanhadbeengovernedbyShogun(militaryruler)fromtheTogukamafamily.–livedinTokyo300milesawayfromtheseatofpowerEDO(Tokyo).

s  BasedonmilitarypwerJapanfor2centuriesenjoyedinternalpeace(1600-1850).Nonationalarmy,nouniformcurrency,littlecentralauthorityatlocallevel,theTokugamawasmoreinto:residence,behaviorofstatusgroupsanddressing.

s  Japanesesocietywasdividedinto:(alldevotedtoDAIMYOLORDS)s  Samurai(top)s  Peasantss  Artisansands  Merchats

TOKUGAWABACKGROUND

s  Centuriesofpeacecontributedtoeconomicgrowth:riceproduction.

s  InfluenceofConfucianismencouragededucationandremarkably40%ofitspopulation–literate.

s  TokugawaeraprovidedasolidfoundationforJapan´sremarkableindustrialgrowthinthelate19thcenturies.

s  Untilseverefaminein1830thaterodedwithoutbursts.–Shogunatewaslosingcontrol.

AMERICANINTRUSIONANDMEJIRESTORATION

s  JapandeliberatelylimitedcontactwiththeWesttoasingleportandonlyfortheDutchtoallowtrade.

s  UnitedStatesforcedtheentrace:SendingCommodorePerryin1853todemandhumanetoAmericanvesselstorefuelandbuyprovisions,andtheopeningofportsfortrade.(Byforce)

s  JapanagreedtoaseriesofunequealtreatieswithvariousWesternpowers.–ledtoapoliticaltakeoverbyagroupofyoungsamuraifromsouthernJapan:Mejirestoration.(EnlightenedRule).

MODERNIZATIONJAPANESESTYLE

s  Therereformswererevolutionary–transformingJapan.

s  NationalUnity–requiredattackonthepowerandprivilegesofbothDaimyoandtheSamurai(replacingthemwithgovernorsappointedbyaresponsibletothenationalgovernment)Notthelocalauthorities

s  Specialpriviledgesforthehighclasswasdismantled,withreformseveryonewasacommoner.

s  Eliteclasshadasoftlandinginthearmy,orbusinessenterprises.ThesesocialandpoliticalchangeswasawidespreadandeagerfascinationwithalmosteverythingfromtheWesternworld:technologyandscience.

MODERNIZATIONOFJAPAN

s  LegalandeducationalsystemsfromthewestappliedtoJapan.Hundredsofstudentssentabroad,

s  WesternwritersweretranslatedintoJapanese.

s  JapansawthebenefitfromlearningfromtheWesttosuccesfullyapplyittothem.

s  JapanborrowedmoreselectvelyandcombineforeignandJapaneseelementsindistinctiveways.

s  Germanexperienceinffluence:Constitutionof1889.(politicalparties)

s  Moderneducationalsystem(fromtheU.SandChina;confucianismappliedtoShinto)

JAPANESEWOMEN?

s  Newgovernmentincludedgirlsintheirplansforuniversaleducation.(schoolssegregatedbysex)

s  Womenplayinaroleinpubliclifeorpoliticallifewassuppressed.

s  Unitl1922womencouldjoinapoliticalparty.

s  Constitutionof1889madeNOmentiononrightsforwomen.Itwasalmostasthereformswasathreattowomenthananopportinuty.

INFRASTRUCTUREINJAPAN

s  Actedtocreateamoderninfrastructurebybuildingrailroads,postalsystem,nationalcurrencyandbanking.

s  Japan´sindustrilization,organizedaroundalargenumberoffirmscalledZAIBATZU

s  Japanwasabletoproduceitsownmunitionsandindustrialgoodsaswell.Enjoyedamasscirculationofnewspapersandmovietheaters,electriclightsonstreets=createditsownindustrialrevolution.

s  Japantaxedheavilyandledtoprotestsspeciallyfromtheoutsideofcities(poorfamilies)countryside.=starvation

WOMENINTEXTILEINDUSTRY

s  MajorityofJapan´stextileworkerswereyoungwomenfrompoorfamiliesinthecountryside.

s  Paywaslowandtheirworkingconditionswereterrible,workingfrom14to20hoursperday!

s  Somecommittedsuicideorranawayandmanytriedorganizingstrikesorjoinedsocialistmovementswhichlaterwererepressed.

JAPANANDTHEWORLD

s  Bytheearly20thcenturyitseconomicgrowth,opennesstotradeandtheembraceof“civilizationandenlightenment”

s  TheAnglo-JapaneseTreatyof1902acknowledgeJapanasanequalplayeramongtheGreatPowersoftheworld.

s  JapanescapefromitssemicolonialentaglementswiththeWestbutitalsolauncheditsownempirebuildingenterprise.

s  Japanwasnowaneconomic,politiclaandmilitarycompetitorinAsia.

JAPANANDTHEWORLDs  JapandefeatedRussiain1905.(overterritoriesinKorea*)=

generatedadmirationamongmanyAsianandEuropean.

s  ThewarconcludedwiththeTreatyofPortsmouth,mediatedbyUSPresidentTheodoreRoosevelt.ThecompletevictoryoftheJapanesemilitarysurprisedworldobservers.

s  ThousandflockedtoJapantostudyitsachievements.Japan´svictoryoverRussiawasan“awakeningoftheEast”.

s  Japanesemanagetoextend–imperialismtoTaiwan.ExceedingthebrutalityofEuropeanimperialismpractices.

s  Nevertheless,JapanwasaliberatorofAsiafromtheEuropeanyokeandtherealityofJapanasanoppressiveimperialpowerinitsownrightderivedfromthecountry´sremarkablemoderntransformation.

REFLECTIONS

s  ShouldweconsiderJapanmoresuccessfulthanChinaortheOttomanEmpireduringthe19thcentury?

s  Ifwemeasuresuccessisnationalwealthandpower,thenIndustrialRevolutionsurelycountsasagreataccomplishment.Butifpreservationoftheenvironment,spiritualgrowthandrelationshipsofvillagelifearemorehighlyvalued,thenindustrialization,asGandhiargued,mightbemorereasonablyconsideredadisaster.

s  Successforwhom?Women?