chapter 14-endrocrinesystemdiseaseshybrid course

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Endocrine System Diseases

Chapter 14

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Endocrine Glands

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

Thyroid Parathyroid

Adrenals

Pancreas Pineal Body

Ovaries/Testes

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Endocrine System

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Pituitary Gland Diseases/Disorders

HyperpituitarismGigantism

Acromegaly Hypopituitarism

Diabetes Insipidus

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Gigantism

Hypersecretion of hGH during anindividual’s

growing years.

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Acromegaly

Hypersecretion of hGH duringadulthood

Disfiguring byovergrowth of bones & softtissues

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Hypopituitarism

Deficiency of hormones Gonadotropin hGH

Signs/Symptoms Dwarfism Emergence of 

secondary sexualcharacteristics

Amenorrhea Decreased libido Loss of facial/body

hair

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Hypopituitarism

Etiology Pituitary or hypothalamus tumors

Head injuries Iatrogenic (Surgery or Radiation)

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Diabetes Insipidus(Pituitary diabetes)

Decreased antidiuretic hormone(ADH)

Signs/Symptoms Polyuria

Extreme thirst

Dehydration

DX: OsmolalityTest DI Normal

Serum Sodium >145 meq/L 135-145 meql/L

Plasma Osmolality >295 mOsm 278-209 mOsm

Urine Osmolality <300 mOsm 50-1200 mOsm

U/P osmol ratio <1 3-4

Urine output > 2.5 L/d ~2.5 L/d

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Thyroid Gland Diseases/Disorders

Simple goiter

Thyroiditis

Hashiomoto’s thyroditis Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease)

Hypothroidism

CretinismMyxedema

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Thyroid Gland

T3& T

4hormones are

produced by thyroid)

Pituitary is regulatedby hypothalamus’sTSH releasinghormone

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Simple Goiter 

Decrease in saltintake

Diagnosis Enlarged thyroid

with a normal T3& 

T4levels

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Thyroiditis

Hoshimoto’s thyroiditis

Subacute thyroiditis

Post partum thyroiditis Drug induced thyroiditis

Radiation induced

Bacteria induced acute thyroiditis

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Thyroiditis Symptoms

ThyrotoxicosisNervousness

loss of sleep excessive perspiration & heat

intolerance

weight loss

arrhythmias & tachycardia

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Hashimoto’s Disease

Known as Hashimoto’s

Autoimmune etiology

↑THS (thyroidstimulating hormone) & 

T4(thyroxine)↓

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Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease)

Oversecretion of T3 & T4

Thyrotoxicosis

Exophthalmos –

protruding eyes Dermopathy – orange

pigmentation & patchesskin

↑T3 & T4 and scanreveals uptake of radioactive iodine (131I)

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Hypothyroidism

Cretinism – congenital Symptoms – feeding problems, constipation,

hoarse cry, sleeps a lot, retarded growth,

impaired intelligence Myxedema – older adults

Slows down the metabolism

Symptoms – fatigue, constipation, musclecramps, menorrhagia

Weight gain and increased sensitivity to cold

↓T3 & T4 with an TSH↑

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Parathyroid Gland Disorders

Hyperparathyroidism (Hypercalcemia) Disorder of calcium & phosphate metabolism ↑ PTH (parathyroid hormone)

Symptoms: Weak brittle bones Joint pain Kidney Stones

Diagnosis:

Increased calcium Increased PTH levels Decreased phosphorus

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Parathyroid Gland Disorders

Hypoparathyroidism (Hypocalcemia) ↓ PTH Symptoms:

Muscle cramps

Tingling of extremities Depression Tetany

Diagnosis Decreased calcium levels

Decreased PTH levels Increased phorphorus

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Adrenal Gland Diseases/Disorders

Cushing’s Syndrome

Diabetes Mellitus

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Diabetes Mellitus

Chronic disorder of carbohydratemetabolism due to insufficient productionof insulin

Insulin produced by islets of Langerhans inpancreas

Three Types Type 1: Immune-mediated (IDDM)

Type 2: Adult onset (NIDDM) Gestational – develops during pregnancy

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Diabetes Mellitus

Symptoms Polyuria

Polydipsia

Glycosuria

Diagnosis  ↑ 2hr PP Serum Glucose

↑Hemoglobin A1c (Glycohemoglobin)

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Complications of Diabetes mellitus

Diabetic coma

Insulin shock

Tissue necrosis & gangrene

Glomeruonephritis (leads to heart failure)

Retinopathy

Difficulties in swallowing

Constipation/Diarrhea Neurogenic bladder