chapter 12
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Chapter 12
Robbery
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Introduction• Robbery has plagued the human race throughout
history• Robbery is one of the three most violent crimes against
the person• Most robberies were committed on streets or highways • Firearms were used in 42.6 percent of robberies • This crime poses a definite hazard to law enforcement
officers
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DEFINITION• Felonious taking of another’s property• Either directly from the person or in that person’s
presence• Through force or intimidation
Oral demand Note
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Robbery: An Overview
CATEGORIES• Residential• Commercial• Street• Vehicle-driver
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Classification
RESIDENTIAL• Less frequent than the other types • Tends to involve entire families• Home invaders usually target a resident• Home-invading robberies are increasing in rural areas
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Classification
COMMERCIAL• Occurs most frequently toward the end of the week • Committed by individuals with criminal records• MOs should be compared with those of past robberies• Convenience stores that are robbed once are likely to
be robbed again
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Classification
STREET• Most frequently committed on public streets,
sidewalks, in alleys and in parking lots• Most are committed with a weapon• Both the victim and the robber are usually on foot• Speed and surprise typify street robberies
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Classification
VEHICLE-DRIVER• Delivery and messenger vehicles• Armored trucks and personal cars• Taxis• Buses• Trucks
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Classification
CARJACKING• Taking of a motor vehicle by force or threat of force• Some stage accidents
BANK ROBBERY• Jurisdiction of the FBI• Professional versus amateur• Robberies at ATM machines
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Classification
OVERVIEW• In most state statutes, common elements exist: The wrongful taking of personal property From the person or in the person’s presence Against the person’s will by force or threat of force
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Elements of the Crime: Robbery
ALL-UNITS RESPONSE• Proceed rapidly, but use caution• Assume robbers at scene• Be prepared for gunfire• Look for/immobilize getaway vehicle• Avoid hostage situation if possible• Make immediate arrest if possible
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Responding to a Robbery-in-Progress Call
OVERVIEW• Average length is approximately 12 hours• Special weapons and tactics (SWAT) teams and crisis
negotiation teams (CNTs)• Main priority is to preserve life• Stockholm syndrome
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Hostage Situations
CHALLENGES FOR INVESTIGATORS• Lag time in reporting a robbery• Speed of its occurrence • Traumatizing effect on victims and witnesses• Nature of stolen items
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Preliminary Investigation and Special Challenges
ELEMENTS OF ROBBERY• Taking of property • Who is the legal owner?• Was property taken or intended to be taken? From the person or in the presence of the person By force or the threat of force
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Proving the Elements of the Offense
IDENTIFYING THE SUSPECT• General appearance• Clothing • Disguises• Weapon• Vehicle
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The Complete Investigation
ESTABLISHING MODUS OPERANDI• Type of robbery and time• Method of attack and weapon• Number of robbers• Voice and words• Vehicles used • Peculiarities and objects sought
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The Complete Investigation
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE• Minimal at robbery scene• Surveillance cameras
MAPPING ROBBERY• Inherently serial• Global Information Software
(GIS) mapping capabilities
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The Complete Investigation
INDICATORS• Unusual delay in reporting • Amount of the loss not fitting victim’s financial status• Lack of correspondence with the physical evidence• Improbable events• Exceptionally detailed or vague description of offender• Lack of cooperation
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False Robbery Reports
Summary• Robbery is the felonious taking of another’s property • Robberies are classified as either residential,
commercial, street or vehicle-driver• Bank robberies are within the jurisdiction of the FBI• Prove each element of robbery separately• Obtain information about the suspect’s general
appearance, clothing, disguises and vehicle
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