chapter 10: the baroque. the baroque in italy baroque style is defined as the love of extravagant...

Chapter 10: The Baroque

The Baroque in Italy

• Baroque style is defined as the love of extravagant & monumental beauty.

NOËL HALLÉ’s Joseph Accused by Potiphar's Wife

The Baroque in Italy

• Gianlorenzo Bernini– His sculpting style infused

Renaissance technique with the dynamism and emotional force of the baroque style.

The Baroque in Italy

• Gianlorenzo Bernini– His work became the

defining high mark of the counter-Reformation (the Catholic Church reexamined the corruption proposed by Luther and cleaned up the Church.).

Bernini’s David

Italian Music

• Opera– This style was born in the baroque age and is

drama set to music.

Italian Music

• Opera– Claudio Monteverdi• He produced the first

operatic masterpiece, Orfeo.

Italian Music

• Opera– Types• Opera seria: mythological themes favored by the

aristocrats.• Opera buffa: comic opera favored by the urban middle

class.

Italian Music

• Concerto– This baroque style was

mastered by Antonio Vivaldi.

– This format saw a small group of instruments perform with a large orchestra.

Baroque in Spain

• Miguel de Cervantes– He writes the most

popular literary work in the world, Don Quixote.

– The story is about an addled man believing he is a chivalric knight and his adventures.

Baroque in France

• King Louis XIV– He was known as the

Sun King and recognized as the most absolutist ruler of Europe.

Baroque in France

• King Louis XIV– He also support the academies, state sponsored

agencies that oversaw the training of artists and performers.

Baroque in France

• King Louis XIV– The Palace of Versailles• The greatest example of baroque architecture.

Baroque in France

• King Louis XIV– The Palace of Versailles• The Hall of Mirrors is one of the highlights of the

baroque style.

Baroque in France

• Theater & Dance– Jean Baptiste Lully was

the innovator of French opera and French ballet.

Baroque in France

• Theater & Dance– Charles-Louis Beauchamp• He formalized foot and leg

positions that are still used today.• He also allowed woman to

perform.• He created the first publication

of a manual of choreography.

The Protestant Baroque

• Johann Sebastian Bach– He developed the

counterpoint, a combination of two or more melodies of equal importance.

The Protestant Baroque

• Johann Sebastian Bach– He developed the cantata, a choral work that

became a sacred opera for the Lutherans.

The Protestant Baroque

• Johann Sebastian Bach– He developed a technique called modulation in

which a melody could be altered from one key to another without altering the tune.

– This worked for all 24 major and minor keys.

The Protestant Baroque

• Johannes Vermeer was the Dutch painter who was the master of light and color.

The Protestant Baroque

• Rembrandt van Rijn– He was regarded as

the Dutch master of painting.

The Protestant Baroque

• Rembrandt van Rijn– He also excelled in etchings in which lines were

scratched on wax-covered metal plates and then exposed to acid.

Jupiter & Antiope

New Science

• The Scientific Revolution– Through empirical observation of nature allowed

the arrival at scientific truth.– The verification of proposed truths through

experimentation and mathematical calculation.

New Science

• Heliocentric Theory– The idea of the sun being of the center of the

solar system replaced the geocentric theory among scientists.

New Science

• Heliocentric Theory– Nicholas Copernicus• In 1543, he

repopularized the lost idea of the heliocentric theory.

New Science

• Heliocentric Theory– Johannes Kepler• This German scientist

proved mathematically that the planets actually moved elliptically.

New Science

• Heliocentric Theory– Galileo Galilei• He proved the

heliocentric theory was correct.– The moon’s of Jupiter.– Venus’s size change.– He was placed under

house arrest by the Catholic Church for 18 years until he recanted.

New Science

• Rene Descartes– He challenged

modern concepts of thinking through his philosophical work.

– He coined “Cognito ergo sum,” (“I think therefore I am.”).

New Science

• Isaac Newton– He developed the

universal theory of gravity and motion.

English Unrest & Change

• English Civil War– Initially caused by the

absolutist kings, James I and Charles I, trying to rest power from Parliament.

– Parliament, led by General Oliver Cromwell, overthrew and executed the king.

Oliver Cromwell

English Unrest & Change

• John Milton– He composes the

epic poem Paradise Lost, about the fall of Adam and Eve.

English Unrest & Change

• Christopher Wren– The Great Fire of 1666 allowed this architect to

place his personal stamp on London.

English Unrest & Change

• Christopher Wren– He most prized work was St. Paul’s Cathedral.– It blended a synthesis of Gothic, Baroque, and

Renaissance styles.

English Unrest & Change

• George Frederic Handel– He saved his career with

the use of the oratorio, a narrative choral work containing the musical elements of opera, but without action, scenery, or costumes.

– His Hallelujah became the pinnacle of his work.

English Unrest & Change

• The Glorious Revolution– Cromwell’s death lead to

the reappointment (a.k.a. English Restoration) of King Charles II and King James II, both of which had been raised as Catholics in France.

King James II

English Unrest & Change

• The Glorious Revolution– With James fathering a

son, Parliament worried that he would try and return England to Catholicism.

James Francis Edward Stuart

English Unrest & Change

• The Glorious Revolution– Parliament forced him to

abdicate and offered the throne to his daughter, Duchess Mary of Orange, who had married the protestant Duke William of Orange.

English Unrest & Change

• The Glorious Revolution– This created the first limited constitutional

monarchy, where the legislative branch was more powerful than the monarchy.

English Unrest & Change

• Philosopher’s of the Revolution– John Locke• He promoted the concept of

natural rights which were life, liberty, and property.• He also proposed the initial

idea of the social contract, where society obeys the law so long as government protects them.

English Unrest & Change

• Philosopher’s of the Revolution– Thomas Hobbes• He grew up in the chaos of

the civil war.• He championed the idea of

Cromwell’s use of authoritarian power in his book Leviathan.

English Unrest & Change

• Philosopher’s of the Revolution– Political Ideologies

• Locke became associated with the concept of liberalism, the protection of individual rights and freedom.

• Hobbes became associated with the concept of conservativism, fear of change and the use of repressive power when necessary.