chapter 10 bonds and stocks: characteristics and valuation © 2000 john wiley & sons, inc
Post on 30-Dec-2015
226 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 10
Bonds and Stocks:Bonds and Stocks:
Characteristics and ValuationCharacteristics and Valuation
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2
Chapter Outcomes
• Identify the major sources of external long-term financing for corporations.
• Describe major characteristics of corporate bonds.
• Describe major characteristics of common stock.
• Describe major characteristics of preferred stock.
• Explain how financial securities such as stocks and bond, are valued.
3
What is a financial asset?
A claim against the income or assets of an individual, business, or government.
Examples:
Shares of stock
Home Mortgage
Car Loan
4
Long-term Financing Sources for Business
New security issues 1996 1997
Corp Bonds 82% 85%
Corp Stocks 18 16
Bonds
Public 85% 84%
Private na na
Sold abroad 15% 16%
5
In addition to retained earnings, businesses can raise funds by:
Selling shares (external equity)
Issue debt (bonds)
Funds can be raised publicly or privately
6
History Shows….
Internal/external financing varies over the business cycle
Common stock is a major source of external equity
Bonds are a major source of long-term external financing–cheaper than equity–bonds mature
7
And Overseas Financing is Rising...
More real assets are overseas for U.S.-based firms
At times, financing costs are lower overseas
No costly SEC process Large issue sizes require a global
marketplace
8
Debt Capital
A contract between borrower/lender Bankruptcy/reorganization threat if
contract is violated Priority claim on assets, cash flow Less return potential than equity Little/no voice in management
9
General Terms Associated with Debt:
Par value or Face Value Coupon Rate Coupon PaymentAnnual coupon = coupon rate x par value Registered versus Bearer bonds
10
Bond Covenants
Impose restrictions or extra duties on the firm
Protect bondholder stake in the firm
11
Bond Rating ExamplesSTANDARD DUFF &
MOODY’S& POOR’S PHELPS
Aaa AAA 1 Best quality, least credit risk
Aa1 AA+ 2 High quality, slightly more risk
Aa2 AA 3 than a top-rated bond
Aa3 AA– 4
A1 A+ 5 Upper-medium grade, possible future
A2 A 6 credit quality difficulties
A3 A– 7
Baa1 BBB+ 8 Medium quality bonds
Baa2 BBB 9
Baa3 BBB– 10
12
Junk Bonds
STANDARD DUFF &
MOODY’S& POOR’S PHELPS
Ba1 BB+ 11 Speculative issues, greater
Ba2 BB 12 credit risk
Ba3 BB– 13
B1 B+ 14 Very speculative, likelihood of
B2 B future default
B3 B–
Caa CCC Highly speculative, either in
Ca CC or high likelihood of going
C C into default
D
13
Bond Ratings
Measure likelihood of default; influenced by level of investor protection in the covenants
Acts as a market signal Lower rating==>Higher risk==>
Higher coupon rate
14
Security Features
Collateralized Bond (e.g., CMO) Mortgage Bond Equipment Trust Certificate Debentures Subordinated Debentures
15
Other Features of Bonds
Convertible bonds Callable bonds Putable bonds Extendable bonds Securitization Inflation protection (U.S. gov’ts)
16
Global Bond Market
Eurodollar bonds
Yankee bonds
Global bonds
17
Reading Bond Quotes
Cur Net
Bond Yld Vol Close Chg
AT&T 8 1/8 22 7.6 216 1063/4 –3/8
18
Corporate Equity Capital
Represents ownership Certificate versus street name
19
Common Stock
Owners of the firm Select Directors Dividends: when declared Lowest priority in bankruptcy Par value--meaningless Different classes to protect control
20
Preferred Stock
“Preferred” over common stock with a senior claim on earnings, assets
Fixed dividend; par value is important!
Usually non-voting
21
Other Features
Cumulative versus non-cumulative
Callable
Convertible
Tax Advantage
22
Reading a Stock Quote
52 weeks Yld
Hi Lo Stock Sym Div %
50 1/2 25 1/8 AFLAC AFL 0.26 0.5
Vol Net
PE 100s Hi Lo Close chg
20 7063 49 1/4 47 9/16 47 5/8 -1 3/8
23
Valuation Principles
Basic concept:
Price of an asset =
Present value of future expected cash flows
24
In equation form:
price =
[(CF1)/(1+r)1] + [(CF2)/(1+r)2] + ... +
[(CFn)/(1+r)n ] (equation 10.1)
or
price = [CFt/(1+r)t ] (equation 10.1a)
t=1,n
25
price = [CFt/(1+r)t ] (equation 10.1a)
t=1,n
Inputs: Cash flows CFt
Discount rate r
Number of time periods n These are easier to determine for
bonds than for stocks
26
Bond Valuation
price= PV (expected future cash flows)
= PV (coupon payments) + PV (principal) price=[C1/(1+rb)1] + [C2/(1+rb)2] + ... +
[Cn/(1+rb)n] + [Parn/(1+rb)n]
(10.2) = [Ct/(1+rb)t] + [Parn/(1+rb)n ] (10.2a)
27
An example $1,000 par value, Coupon rate 9% paid
once per year, 10 years until maturity Investors require 9% return
$90 x 6.418 = $577.62
$1,000 x 0.422 = 422.00
Bond value = $999.62
(not equal to $1000 because of interest factor rounding)
28
If required return rises to 10%:
$90 x 6.145 = $553.05
$1,000 x 0.386= 386.00
Bond value = $939.05 If required return falls to 8%:
$90 x 6.710 = $603.90
$1,000 x 0.463 = 463.00
Bond value = $1,066.90
29
The Seesaw Effect
Required rate of return (the market interest rate) rises…bond prices fall
Interest rate = 9% price = $1000
Interest rate = 10% price = $939 Required rate of return falls, bond
prices rise
Interest rate = 8% price = $1067
30
Finding the required return if we know the price...
Approximate yield to maturity
= Annual interest + (par – price)/n
(par + price/2) (10.3) Spreadsheet functions Financial calculator
31
If coupons are paid semi-annually (twice a year):
In this case, r is the semi-annual discount rate, not an annual discount rate
EAR = YTM = (1 + r)2 – 1 Rearranging, we can solve for the
periodic interest rate r:
r = (1 + YTM)1/2 – 1 Approximation: YTM = 2 x r n = # of years until maturity x 2
32
A bond will sell for a higher price if:
Higher coupons (higher coupon rates)
More frequent coupon payments lower required rate of return r
33
Risks in Bond Investing
Credit risk (default risk) Interest rate risk (seesaw effect) Reinvestment rate risk Special risks for non-domestic
bonds: Political risk Exchange rate risk
34
Valuation of Stocks
Same principal:
Price = Present Value of expected future cash flows
But tougher to apply than with bonds: indefinite life cash flows (dividends) uncertain discount rate hard to determine
35
We handle these difficulties by making simplifying assumptions
Constant dividends over time (e.g., preferred stock)
P0 = D0/rs
P0 = $2.00/0.10 = $20.00
36
Or constant growth in dividends over time:
P0 = D0(1 + g)
rs – g Today’s dividend = $1.89; g = 8.5%;
rs = 12%
P0 = 1.89 (1+0.085) = $58.57
.12 – .085
37
Risks in Stock Valuation
Uncertainty over future dividend changes, growth changes
Changing market/investor expectations for firms, the economy
Changing interest rates
38
Learning Extension 10ACalculating Rates of Return
Over a Holding Period
Dollar return = Income received + price change
Percent return =
Dollar return/initial price Receive $2 in income, buy for $25, sell
for $30:Dollar return = $2 + ($30-$25) = $7
Percent return = $7/$25 = 0.28 or 28%
39
Annualizing a Return
Annualized return =
(1 + percent return)1/n - 1where n is the number of years the
asset was held or owned
40
Two examples: you earn 28% over a holding period
If the holding period is 2 years:
Annualized return =
(1 + .28)1/2 - 1 = 13.1 percent If the holding period is 9 months:
Annualized return =
(1 + .28)1/.75 - 1 = (1.28)4/3 - 1 = 0.389 or 38.9 percent
top related