chapter 1 – unity in diversity

CHAPTER 1 – UNITY IN DIVERSITY

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

• MARS VS EARTH (WHAT’S THE BIG DEAL?!?)

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

• WHAT IS SCIENCE?– AN ORGANIZED WAY OF LOOKING

AT THE WORLD AND EXPLAINING OBSERVABLE PHENOMENA

– WHAT DO WE OBSERVE IS THE PHENOMENA BETWEEN MARS AND EARTH?

– LIFE VS. NO LIFE– BIOLOGY IS THE BRANCH OF

SCIENCE THAT ATTEMPTS TO EXPLAIN “LIFE”

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

• BIOLOGY– THE STUDY OF LIVING THINGS

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

• IN ORDER TO FULLY UNDERSTAND BIOLOGY, WE MUST UNDERSTAND THE FOLLOWING AS THE FOUNDATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY– HOW TO DEFINE LIFE– HOW TO USE SCIENCE IN EXPLAINING BIOLOGICAL

PRINCIPLES (HOW TO THINK LIKE A SCIENTIST)– HOW TO ORGANIZE LIFE INTO MANAGEABLE

TOPICS/GROUPS OF STUDY (CLASSIFICATION)

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

• WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE ALIVE??– THERE IS NO EASY ANSWER/DEFINITION TO THIS

QUESTION…SO WHAT CAN WE DO TO FIGURE OUT IF SOMETHING IS “ALIVE”??

UNITY IN DIVERSITY• WE DEFINE SOMETHING AS BEING ALIVE (AN ORGANISM) IF IT

HAS THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS:– LIVING THINGS ARE HIGHLY ORGANIZED AND CONTAIN MANY

COMPLEX CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES– LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF ONE OR MORE CELLS– LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY– LIVING THINGS HAVE A DEFINITE FORM AND A LIMITED SIZE– LIVING THINGS HAVE A LIMITED LIFE SPAN– LIVING THINGS GROW– LIVING THINGS RESPOND TO CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT– LIVING THINGS ARE ARE ABLE TO REPRODUCE– GROUPS OF LIVING THINGS CHANGE OVER TIME (EVOLUTION)

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

• SAY HELLO TO THE EBOLA VIRUS…– IS IT ALIVE??– DOES IT MEET

ALL THECRITERIA MENTIONEDPREVIOUSLY??

UNITY IN DIVERSITY• WE DEFINE SOMETHING AS BEING ALIVE (AN ORGANISM) IF IT

HAS THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS:– LIVING THINGS ARE HIGHLY ORGANIZED AND CONTAIN MANY

COMPLEX CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES - CHECK– LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF ONE OR MORE CELLS - CHECK– LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY - CHECK– LIVING THINGS HAVE A DEFINITE FORM AND A LIMITED SIZE - CHECK– LIVING THINGS HAVE A LIMITED LIFE SPAN - CHECK– LIVING THINGS GROW - CHECK– LIVING THINGS RESPOND TO CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT -

CHECK– LIVING THINGS ARE ARE ABLE TO REPRODUCE – FAIL!!

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

• NON-LIVING THINGS MAY EXHIBIT SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS LISTED, BUT UNLESS ALL OF THEM ARE PRESENT…IT IS CONSIDERED A NONLIVING THING

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

• ANOTHER WAY TO DETERMINE IF SOMETHING IS LIVING IS IF IT PERFORMS ALL OF THE…

•LIFE PROCESSES

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

• LIFE PROCESSES =

H.N.T.R.S.G.E.R.M.R. (“HUNTERS GERMER”)

UNITY IN DIVERSITY• H = HOMEOSTASIS

• N = NUTRITION

• T = TRANSPORT

• R = RESPIRATION

• S = SYNTHESIS

• G = GROWTH

• E = EXCRETION

• R = REGULATION

• M = METABOLISM

• R = REPRODUCTION

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

• HOMEOSTASIS– MAINTAINING A

STABLE INTERNALENVIRONMENT

– “FEEDBACK” MECHANISMS

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

• NUTRITION– TAKING MATERIALS FROM THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

AND TURNING THEM INTO FORMS YOU CAN USE– AUTOTROPHIC

VS.HETEROTROPHIC

– INGESTION VS.DIGESTION VS.EGESTION

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

• TRANSPORT– THE PROCESS BY WHICH

SUBSTANCES ENTER ANDLEAVE CELLS AND BECOME DISTRIBUTED WITHIN THE CELLS

– *CIRCULATORY SYSTEM*• SPECIALIZED SYSTEM TO ALLOW

FOR TRANSPORT

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

• RESPIRATION– BREATHING

VS.CELLULARRESPIRATION

– AEROBIC VS.ANAEROBIC

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

• SYNTHESIS– COMBINING

SIMPLE SUBSTANCESTO FORM LARGER, MORE COMPLEX SUBSTANCES

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

• GROWTH– PROCESS

BY WHICHORGANISMSINCREASE IN SIZE(EITHER # OF CELLS,OR SIZE OF CELL)

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

• EXCRETION– THE REMOVAL OF

METABOLIC WASTES

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

• REGULATION– ALL THE

ACTIVITIESTHAT HELPAN ORGANISMMAINTAINHOMEOSTASIS

– A.K.A“RESPONSE”

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

• METABOLISM– ALL THE

CHEMICALREACTIONS(RxNS) THATOCCUR IN THE BODY

UNITY IN DIVERSITY• REPRODUCTION

– THE PROCESSBY WHICHLIVING THINGSPRODUCE NEWORGANISMSOF THEIROWN KIND

– ASEXUAL VS.SEXUAL

– *ONLY PROCESS THAT ISNOT NECESSARY FOR INDIVIDUAL*

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

• ALWAYS REMEMBER…

•H.N.T.R.S.G.E.R.M.R

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

• NEXT TIME…WE TALK ABOUT WHYI, AND YOU, LOVE SCIENCE

• LEARN TO THINK, AND ACT, LIKE ASCIENTIST

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD– THE UNIVERSAL

SCIENTIFIC APPROACHTO PROBLEM-SOLVING

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM– A SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM

IS PHRASED IN THE FORM OF A QUESTION

– EXAMPLE??

• FORMULATE A HYPOTHESIS– A HYPOTHESIS IS AN

EDUCATED GUESS (*POSSIBLE EXPLANATION*)

– “IF, THEN” STATEMENT– NEVER IN THE FORM OF

A QUESTION!!!!!– EXAMPLE???

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS – EXPERIMENTATION– SCIENTISTS WILL SET UP A SITUATION WHERE A

PARTICULAR OBSERVATION CAN BE MADE– OFTEN SCIENTISTS USE CONTROLLED

EXPERIMENTS• TWO, OR MORE, EXPERIMENTS ARE SET UP WHERE

ONLY A SINGLE FACTOR IS DIFFERENT BETWEEN THEM• THAT SINGLE FACTOR IS CALLED A VARIABLE

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• CONTROLLEDEXPERIMENT– CONTROL

GROUP VS.EXPERIMENTALGROUP

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• THE PLACEBO EFFECT

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• OBSERVE AND RECORD DATA

• ANALYZE DATA• DRAW CONCLUSIONS• RETEST / RETEST /

RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST

• SCIENTIFIC THEORIES– EXPLANATIONS THAT

APPLY TO A BROAD RANGE OF PHENOMENA AND THAT ARE SUPPORTED BY EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE

• SCIENTIFIC LAWS– A STATEMENT THAT

DESCRIBES SOME ASPECT OF A PHENOMENA THAT IS ALWAYS TRUE…NOT AN EXPLANATION!!!

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• SI SYSTEM

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• TOOLS OF THE BIOLOGIST– THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE

• THE SIMPLE MICROSCOPE• THE COMPOUND

MICROSCOPE• THE PHASE-CONTRAST

MICROSCOPE• THE STEREOMICROSCOPE• THE ELECTRON

MICROSCOPE

• LABORATORY TECHNIQUES– CENTRIFUGATION– MICRODISSECTION– CHROMATOGRAPHY– ELECTROPHORESIS– SPECTROPHOTOMETERS

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE– MAGNIFICATION

VS.RESOLUTION

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPES

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• STEREOMICROSCOPES– HELPFUL TO SEE

EXTERIOR SURFACES, USUALLY PROVIDES A MORE 3-D IMAGE

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• ELECTRON MICROSCOPES– TRANSMISSION VS SCANNING– 1,000,000x MAGNIFACTION, BUT…

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• ELECTRON MICROSCOPES– TRANSMISSION VS SCANNING– 1,000,000x MAGNIFACTION, BUT…

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• LABORATORY TECHNIQUES– CENTRIFUGATION– CHROMATOGRAPHY– ELECTROPHORESIS

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• LET’S KEEP LEARNING…SO YOU ARE ALL SMART ENOUGH TO AVOID DOING…

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

• ABOUT HOW MANY LIVING THINGS EXIST ON EARTH?– 1.5 MILLION KNOWN ORGANISMS– THOUSANDS MORE IDENTIFIED EACH YEAR– ABOUT 10 MILLION DIFFERENT ORGANISMS

BELIEVED TO EXIST ON EARTH

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

• WITH SO MANY DIFFERENT LIVING THINGS, IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR SCIENTISTS TO ORGANIZE THEM TO MAKE IT EASIER TO SHARE, AND STUDY, INFORMATION ABOUT LIVING THINGS

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

• THE BRANCH OF BIOLOGY THAT DEALS WITH CLASSIFICATION (GROUPING) AND NAMING LIVING THINGS IS CALLED…

• TAXONOMY

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

• WHY ORGANIZE??

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

• EARLY CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

• MODERN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM BASED UPON THE WORK OF CAROLUS LINNAEUS

• ISN’T HE A HOTTIE?!?!?

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

• IF YOU WERE TO GROUP THINGS TOGETHER, WHAT WOULD YOU USE?

• LINNAEUS GROUPED THINGS BASED ON PHYSICAL(STRUCTURAL) SIMILARITY

• DIFFERENT LEVELS OF GROUPS WERE CREATED TO DEMONSTRATE VARIOUS LEVELS OF SIMILARITY

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

• TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES– KINGSPLAYCHESSONFLATGLASSSQUARES

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

• A BONUS OF THIS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM IS THAT IT LED TO A SIMPLE METHOD FOR NOMENCLATURE = “NAMING SYSTEM”

• BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

• BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE– TWO NAME NAMING SYSTEM– TWO NAMES COME FROM THE GENUS AND

SPECIES GROUPS OF CLASSIFICATION– SCIENTIFIC NAME• WHY IS THIS SO IMPORTANT??

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

• WHAT MAKES LIVING THINGS THE SAME SPECIES?– SPECIES• A POPULATION OF ORGANISMS THAT IS ABLE TO

REPRODUCE WITH EACH OTHER AND PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS• MODERN TAXONOMICAL

PRINCIPLES– STRUCTURAL INFORMATION– BIOCHEMICAL

INFORMATION– CYTOLOGICAL

INFORMATION– EMBRYOLOGICAL

INFORMATION– BEHAVIORAL INFORMATION– FOSSIL INFORMATION

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

• MAJOR TAXONOMICAL GROUPS

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

• KINGDOM – MONERA– PROKARYOTES– ARCHAEBACTERIA

VS.EUBACTERIA

• KINGDOM – PROTISTA– EUKARYOTE– AMEBA – PARAMECIUM – EUGLENA

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

• KINGDOM – FUNGI– EUKARYOTES– HETEROTROPH– CELL WALL

• KINGDOM – PLANTS– EUKARYOTES– AUTOTROPH– CELL WALL

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

• KINGDOM – ANIMALS– EUKARYOTES– HETEROTROPH– REPRESENTATIVE

ORGANISMS• HYDRA• EARTHWORM• GRASSHOPPER• HUMAN

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

• WITH GROUPS MADE, SCIENTISTS USE TAXONOMIC KEYS TO CLASSIFY ORGANISMS

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

• CLASSIFICATION / GROUPING ALLOWS US TO ORGANIZE HOW WE STUDY BIOLOGY

• LIFE’SHIERARCHY

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

• LIFE’S HIERARCHYGIVES US A PLACETO START DISCUSSINGTHE SPECIFICSOF HOW LIFE WORKS…SO LET’S GET TO IT!!!