chapter 1 new world encounters america past and present eighth ap* edition divine breen ...
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CHAPTER 1New World Encounters
America Past and PresentEighth AP* Edition
Divine Breen Fredrickson Williams Gross Brand
Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
Native American Histories Before Conquest 20,000 years ago—Siberian hunters
became first American inhabitants 14,000 years ago—humans reached tip of
South America These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from
many communicative diseases
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Routes of the First Americans
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The Environmental Challenge:Food, Climate, and Culture Native Americans enjoyed an abundant
supply of meat Some suggest they over-hunted and caused
the extinction of several large species Climatic warming probably played a much
bigger role 5000 years ago—agricultural revolution
Crops included maize, squash, and beans Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to
permanent villages or large cities
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Mysterious Disappearances
Anasazi culture—Chaco Canyon Sophisticated irrigation Well-built roads for transportation
Adena and Hopewell peoples—Ohio Valley Large ceremonial mounds Extensive trade network
Cahokia—Mississippi Valley Large ceremonial mounds Far-flung trade network
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Aztec Dominance
Aztecs settled valley of Mexico Center of large, powerful empire Highly organized social and political
structure Ruled through fear and force
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Eastern Woodland Cultures
Atlantic coast of North America Native Americans lived in smaller bands Agriculture supplemented by hunting and
gathering Likely were the first natives encountered by
English settlers
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Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s
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A World Transformed
Large numbers of whites profoundly altered native cultures
The rate of change varied from place to place Native traditions changed radically for cultural
survival
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Cultural Negotiations
Diversity of language groups, ethnicities Place in society defined through kinship Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical
formation Diplomacy, trade, war organized around
reciprocal relationships
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Confederacies of Eastern North America Huron—southern Ontario near Lakes
Ontario and Erie Iroquois—central New York Powhattan—Chesapeake
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Threats to Survival: Trade
Native Americans were eager for European trade
They became dependent on, and indebted to, Europeans
Commerce also influenced warfare patterns
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Threats to Survival: Disease
Contact brought population decline among American Indians
Cause: lack of resistance to epidemic disease Smallpox Measles Influenza
Rate as high as 95%
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West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies
Diversity of sub-Saharan cultures Islam Strong traditional beliefs
A history of empires Mali Ghana
Daily life centered on elder-ruled clans
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Trade Routes in Africa
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Beginnings of theSlave Trade
Fifteenth-century Portuguese charted sea lanes from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa
Native rulers sold prisoners of war to Portuguese as slaves
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How Many Slaves?Seventeenth century—ca. 1000 Africans per yearEighteenth century—5.5 million transported to the AmericasBy 1860—ca. 11 millionBefore 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas
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Europe on the Eve of Conquest
Tenth century—Leif Ericson settled “Vinland” Late fifteenth century—preconditions for
overseas settlement attained Rise of nation-states Spread of new technologies Spread of old knowledge
1492—Columbus initiated large-scale European colonization
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Building New Nation-States
Population growth after 1450 “New monarchs” forged nations from
scattered provinces Spain France England
“Middle class” a new source of revenue Powerful military forces deployed
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Imagining a New World
Spain the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization
Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella 1492—Jews and Muslims expelled Conquest of Canary Islands provided
rehearsal for colonization
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Myths and Reality
Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella to finance westward expedition to “Cathay”
1492—initial voyage Three subsequent voyages to find cities of
China 1506—died clinging to belief he had reached
the Orient Made possible Spanish dominion in America
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The Conquistadores
Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands
By 1512—major Caribbean islands decimated By 1521—Cortés destroyed Aztec empire 1539-1542—de Soto explored Southeast 1540-1542—Coronado explored Southwest
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Voyages of European Exploration
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From Plunder to Settlement Encomienda System rewarded Conquistadors
Large land grants Indian inhabitants provided labor or tribute
Appointed officials answered only to crown Catholic Church
Protected Indian rights Performed mass conversions
By 1650, half million Spaniards in New World Unmarried males intermarried Mixed-blood population emerged
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The French Claim Canada
1608—Samuel de Champlain founded Québec
French empire eventually included St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi
French crown makes little effort to foster settlement
Fur trade underpinned economy Indians became valued trading partners
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The English Enter the Competition
Claimed New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)
England achieved preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I
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Birth of English Protestantism
Protestant Reformation played a major role in England’s rise to dominance 1517—Martin Luther sparked reform in
Germany 1536—John Calvin’s Institutes published in
Geneva Reformation pitted European Protestants
against Catholics
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The English Reformation
Tudor monarchs brought political unity Reformation under Henry Vlll (r. 1509-1547)
strengthened Crown Protestant reform accelerated under Edward VI
(r. 1547-1553) Death of Mary I (r. 1553-1558) cut short English
Catholic Counter-Reformation Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) consolidated English
Reformation
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Militant Protestantism Lutheran Reformation
God speaks through Bible, not through Pope or priests Justification by faith alone for salvation
Calvinist Reformation John Calvin stressed God’s omnipotence Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation
Calvinist Christianity expanded in northern Europe France—Huguenots Scotland—Presbyterians England—Puritans
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Woman in Power
Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) a very capable monarch Elizabeth introduced Via Media
Protestant Doctrine “Catholic” Ritual Ended religious turmoil in England
Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompted Spanish crusade against England
England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powers
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Religion, War, and Nationalism
Spanish hostility made Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood
Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure made them English heroes
Elizabeth’s subjects raided Spain’s American empire
1588—Spanish Armada defeated
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Irish Rehearsal for American Settlement
English experiences in Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New World
To the English, the Irish were wild and barbaric They would view Native Americans the same
way
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English Conquest of Ireland
Ireland was a laboratory for English colonization Irish viewed as backward English under Elizabeth seized Irish land
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English Brutality
English ethnocentrism benign when Irish docile English employed brutal methods, such as
massacring women and children, to crush frequent Irish resistance
English adventurers compared Native Americans with “wild” Irish
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An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke
Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584 He named the region Virginia after the Virgin
Queen The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587 The colonists disappeared without a trace and
their fate remains a mystery
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Campaign to Sell America
By 1600, no English settlements in New World Richard Hakluyt advertised benefits of American
colonization Claimed that England needs American colonies
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